NAV - DME & VOR Flashcards

1
Q

What is DME? (5)

A
  • Accurate, slant range indicator that requires dedicated equipment both on the ground and in the aircraft
  • 2 frequency operation - avoids interrogating each other
  • Interrogator recognizes own original pulse train and calculates time taken from transmission to reception
  • Increased working range due to two transmitters
  • Operates in UHF waveband
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2
Q

DME diagram

A
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3
Q

How accurate are DME? (3)

A
  • Within 1nm
  • Can accept up to 100 A/C simultaneously
  • Subject to Slant error - Closer the beacon, less accurate the readings
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4
Q

What uses do DME include? (5)

A
  1. Co-located VOR/DME stations provide range and bearing
  2. Provides positive ranges for aircraft flying same track and interrogating same DME (ATC separation)
  3. Co-location with precision approach aid (Accurate range) from touchdown
  4. Enhances the accuracy of holding patterns Suitable computer + DME (Accurate area navigation)
  5. Military use for air-to-air refuelling
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5
Q

What is VOR? (6)

A

VOR - VHF Omni-directional Radio range

  • Automatically and continuously provides an aircraft with an accurate magnetic bearing from a beacon
  • Exploits radio wave characteristics
  • VHF band: 108 - 117.95 Mhz
  • Identifies with 3 letter morse code / speech
  • “line of sight”: operating range depends on aircraft height
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6
Q

What 2 signals do VOR use? (2)

A
  • Reference Signal - transmitted Omni-directionally
  • Variable Signal - transmitted by a circular array of aerials around the Reference Signal antenna, simulating a revolving antenna
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7
Q

How are the 2 signals transmitted on a VOR? (1)

A

Transmitted simultaneously but the simulated rotation causes a phase difference which varies with change of bearing

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8
Q

How does a VOR not transmit? (2)

A
  • Does not transmit a usable signal vertically upwards
  • The period during which the aircraft receives no signal increases with height
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of different VOR antenna systems? (5)

A
  • Circle of spherical aerials, surrounded by larger circle of horizontal reflectors (25m diameter)
  • Radial information transmitted by FM
  • Fed to antenna aerial that phase angle changes radially through 360°
  • Permits installation in difficult terrain but is expensive to equip and install
  • Radials always extend outwards from the VOR
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10
Q

How many spot frequencies does a VHF receiver operate? (1)

A

180

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11
Q

How is the VOR displayed in a cockpit? (2)

A
  • Magnetic Bearing (QDM) by an arrow at the end of a VOR pointer
  • QDR shown at opposite end
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12
Q

What is OBS? (1)

A

OBS - Omni-bearing Selector

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13
Q

What are the 2 Forms of OBS? (2)

A
  • Earlier Form
  • Later Form
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14
Q

What does an Earlier Form OBS display? (3)

A
  • Displays only VOR information
  • Shows deflection left or right of pre-selected QDM
  • Shows whether the aircraft is generally heading to or from the beacon
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15
Q

What does an Later Form OBS display? (2)

A
  • Shows all the same information as earlier form, but for the purposes of the Instrument Landing System as well as VOR
  • Includes a Fail Flag when no signal is being received
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16
Q

OBS diagram

A
17
Q

OBS on a QDM 270° example (3)

A
  • Required QDM is 270° (which gives QDR of 090°)
  • Needle is showing “fly left” to acquire that QDM
  • Each dot on displacement scale indicates
18
Q

What type of guidance does a VOR provide? (1)

A

Lateral guidance

19
Q

How is To / From indicated on an OBS? (2)

A
  • The TO/FROM indicator tells the aircraft position in relation to the beacon
  • It does not tell whether the aircraft is flying towards or away from the beacon
20
Q

What are the limitations of an OBS? (4)

A
  • Limited to line of sight
  • Ranges:
  1. 50nm at 1,000ft
  2. 90nm at 5,000ft
  3. 150nm at 15,000ft
  4. 200nm at 25,000ft
  • Accuracy is -/+ 1.25° (ICAO)
  • Spaced between 50nm and 100nms apart to ensure low level coverage
21
Q

What errors are VOR prone to? (4)

A
  1. Propagation errors
  2. Interference errors
  3. Equipment errors
  4. Site errors

”PIES”

22
Q

What are the uses of a VOR? (7)

A
  • Homing to a station
  • Maintaining track along an airway centreline
  • Obtaining a position line
  • Flying a holding pattern
  • Flying instrument approaches with a suitable positioned beacon
  • Obtaining a fix with two or more VORs’
  • Broadcast ATIS (Local Aerodrome information) and other information
23
Q

What is a DOC for VORs? (1)

A

Designated Operational Coverage