Nature Flashcards
Revolve
move in a circle on a central axis.
“overhead, the fan revolved slowly”
synonyms: go around, turn around, rotate, spin, whirl, pirouette, wheel
Far fetched
unlikely and unconvincing; implausible.
“the theory sounded bizarre and far-fetched”
synonyms: improbable, unlikely, implausible, scarcely credible, difficult to believe, dubious, doubtful, unconvincing, incredible
Burst
(of a container) break suddenly and violently apart, spilling the contents, typically as a result of an impact or internal pressure.
“we inflated dozens of balloons and only one burst”
synonyms: go bang
Bank
the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake.
“willows lined the bank”
synonyms: marge, bourn, skirt
Stream
a small, narrow river.
“a perfect trout stream”
synonyms: bourn
Tide
the alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the moon and sun.
“the changing patterns of the tides”
Capsize
(of a boat) overturn in the water.
“the craft capsized in heavy seas”
synonyms: overturn, turn over, turn upside down, upset, upend, knock over, flip over, tip over, topple over
Sink
go down below the surface of something, especially of a liquid; become submerged.
“he saw the coffin sink below the surface of the waves”
synonyms: become submerged, be engulfed, go down, drop, fall, descend, disappear, vanish
Pebble
a small stone made smooth and round by the action of water or sand.
“a narrow pebble beach”
Steep
(of a slope, flight of stairs, angle, ascent, etc.) rising or falling sharply; nearly perpendicular.
“she pushed the bike up the steep hill”
synonyms: precipitous, sheer, abrupt, sharp, perpendicular, vertical, bluff, vertiginous, dizzy
Clif
a steep rock face, especially at the edge of the sea.
“a path along the top of rugged cliffs”
synonyms: link
Harbour
a place on the coast where vessels may find shelter, especially one protected from rough water by piers, jetties, and other artificial structures.
“they enjoyed fishing in the harbor”
synonyms: port, dock, haven, marina, dockyard, boatyard, mooring, anchorage, roads
Horizon
the line at which the earth’s surface and the sky appear to meet.
“the sun rose above the horizon”
synonyms: skyline, range of vision, field of view, vista, views
Soaking
extremely wet; wet through.
“his jacket was soaking”
synonyms: drenched, soaked, soaked to the skin, like a drowned rat, wet through, soaked through, sodden, soggy, waterlogged
Drizzle
light rain falling in very fine drops.
“Boston will be cloudy with patchy drizzle”
synonyms: fine rain, Scotch mist, sprinkle of rain, light shower, spray, mizzle
Mild
not severe, serious, or harsh.
“he received a mild sentence”
synonyms: lenient, clement, light, compassionate, pitying, forgiving, merciful, forbearing, humanity
Muggy
(of the weather) unpleasantly warm and humid.
“it was a hot, very muggy evening”
synonyms: claggy
Gale
a very strong wind.
“it was almost blowing a gale”
synonyms: burster, buster
Pole
a long, slender, rounded piece of wood or metal, typically used with one end placed in the ground as a support for something.
“a tent pole”
synonyms: post, pillar, stanchion, standard, paling, pale, stake, stick, picket
Famine
extreme scarcity of food.
“drought could result in famine throughout the region”
synonyms: scarcity of food, food shortages, deprivation, want
Erupt
(of a volcano) become active and eject lava, ash, and gases.
“Mount Pinatubo began erupting in June”
synonyms: emit lava, belch lava, become active, flare up, eject/vent material, explode
Crops
a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable.
“the main crops were oats and barley”
Lava
hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this.
“tablelands of lava”
Hurricane
a storm with a violent wind, in particular a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean.
“a powerful hurricane hit the Florida coast”
synonyms: cyclone, typhoon, tornado, storm, tropical storm, tempest, windstorm, superstorm, gale
Tidal wave
an exceptionally large ocean wave, especially one caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption.
Collapse
(of a structure) fall down or in; give way.
“the roof collapsed on top of me”
synonyms: cave in, fall in, subside, fall down, sag, slump, settle, give, give way
Evacuate
remove (someone) from a place of danger to a safer place.
“several families were evacuated from their homes”
synonyms: unpeople
Trap
a device or enclosure designed to catch and retain animals, typically by allowing entry but not exit or by catching hold of a part of the body.
“the squirrels ravaged the saplings, despite the baited traps”
Crucial
decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something.
“negotiations were at a crucial stage”
synonyms: pivotal, critical, key, climacteric, decisive, deciding, determining, settling, testing
Maintain
cause or enable (a condition or state of affairs) to continue.
“the need to maintain close links between industry and schools”
synonyms: continue, keep, keep going, keep up, keep alive, keep in existence, carry on, preserve, conserve
Sting
a small sharp-pointed organ at the end of the abdomen of bees, wasps, ants, and scorpions, capable of inflicting a painful or dangerous wound by injecting poison.
Goat
بز
Calf
گوساله
Amend
make minor changes in (a text) in order to make it fairer, more accurate, or more up-to-date.
“the rule was amended to apply only to nonmembers”
synonyms: revise, alter, change, modify, qualify, adapt, adjust, edit, copyedit
Adapt
make (something) suitable for a new use or purpose; modify.
“hospitals have had to be adapted for modern medical practice”
synonyms: modify, alter, make alterations to, change, adjust, make adjustments to, convert, transform, redesign
Assimilate
take in (information, ideas, or culture) and understand fully. "Marie tried to assimilate the week's events"
Revert
return to (a previous state, practice, topic, etc.). "he reverted to his native language" synonyms: return, go back, come back, change back, retrogress, regress, default, fall back into, relapse into
Restore
bring back (a previous right, practice, custom, or situation); reinstate.
“the government restored confidence in the housing market”
synonyms: reinstate, put back, replace, bring back, reinstitute, reimpose, reinstall, rehabilitate, re-establish
Reverse
move backward.
“the truck reversed into the back of a bus”
synonyms: back, go back/backwards, drive back/backwards, move back/backwards, send back/backwards, backpedal
Reform
make changes in (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it.
“an opportunity to reform and restructure an antiquated schooling model”
synonyms: improve, make better, better, ameliorate, refine, mend, rectify, correct, rehabilitate
Resist
withstand the action or effect of.
“antibodies help us to resist infection”
synonyms: withstand, be proof against, hold out against, combat, counter, weather, endure, outlast, repel
Enforce
compel observance of or compliance with (a law, rule, or obligation).
“the role of the police is to enforce the law”
synonyms: constrain
Impose
force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place.
“the decision was theirs and was not imposed on them by others”
synonyms: saddle someone with, land someone with, lumber someone with
Pursue
follow (someone or something) in order to catch or attack them.
“the officer pursued the van”
synonyms: go after, run after, follow, chase, give chase to, hunt, stalk, track, trail
Bring about
به وجود آوردن
Sweeping change
A big change that will have an important effect
Subtle
Not easy to notice or understand
Facilitate
Make an act or process easier to achieve
Ongoing
Continuing to development
Consultation
the action or process of formally consulting or discussing.
“they improved standards in consultation with consumer representatives”
synonyms: discussion, dialogue, discourse, debate, negotiation, conference, deliberation
Emit
produce and discharge (something, especially gas or radiation).
“coal-fired power stations continue to emit large quantities of sulfur dioxide”
synonyms: eruct
Consumption
the using up of a resource.
“industrialized countries should reduce their energy consumption”
synonyms: using up, use, utilization, expending, expenditure, depletion, exhaustion, waste, wasting
Appliance
a device or piece of equipment designed to perform a specific task, typically a domestic one.
“electrical and gas appliances”
synonyms: gizmo, mod con
Tumble dryer
خشککن
Landfill
a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.
“landfill sites”
Venture
a risky or daring journey or undertaking.
“pioneering ventures into little-known waters”
Sustainable
able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.
“sustainable fusion reactions”
Habitat
the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
“wild chimps in their natural habitat”
synonyms: natural environment, natural element, natural territory, natural surroundings, natural terrain, home, domain, haunt
Deforestation
The act of cleaning forest
Endangered
(of a species) seriously at risk of extinction.
“legislation to protect endangered species”
Reserve
refrain from using or disposing of (something); retain for future use.
“roll out half the dough and reserve the other half”
synonyms: hang onto
In captivity
I’m zoo or park
In decline
در حال زوال
Breed
(of animals) mate and then produce offspring.
“toads are said to return to the pond of their birth to breed”
synonyms: beget offspring
Wipe out
an instance of complete destruction.
“a nuclear wipeout”
Die out
از بین رفتن
Verge
an edge or border.
“they came down to the verge of the lake”
synonyms: bourn, marge, skirt
Poaching
cook (an egg) without its shell in or over boiling water.
“a breakfast of poached egg and grilled bacon”
Poses
present or constitute (a problem, danger, or difficulty).
“the sheer number of visitors is posing a threat to the area”
synonyms: constitute, present, create, cause, produce, give rise to, lead to, result in
Sought after
in demand; generally desired.
“the most expensive and sought-after perfume”
Divert
cause (someone or something) to change course or turn from one direction to another.
“a scheme to divert water from the river to irrigate agricultural land”
synonyms: reroute, redirect, change the course of, draw away, turn aside, head off, deflect, avert, transfer
Likelihood
the state or fact of something’s being likely; probability.
“young people who can see no likelihood of finding employment”
synonyms: probability, chance, prospect, possibility, likeliness, odds, feasibility, plausibility, conceivability
Territory
an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state.
“the government was prepared to give up the nuclear weapons on its territory”
synonyms: demesne
Stethoscope
a medical instrument for listening to the action of someone’s heart or breathing, typically having a small disk-shaped resonator that is placed against the chest, and two tubes connected to earpieces.
Prone to
مستعد ابتلا
Eradicate
destroy completely; put an end to.
“this disease has been eradicated from the world”
synonyms: deracinate
Invasive
(especially of plants or a disease) tending to spread prolifically and undesirably or harmfully.
“patients suffering from invasive cancer”
Procedure
an established or official way of doing something.
“the police are now reviewing procedures”
synonyms: course of action, line of action, plan of action, policy, series of steps, plan, method, system, strategy
Transplant
move or transfer (something) to another place or situation, typically with some effort or upheaval.
“his endeavor to transplant people from Russia to the Argentine”
synonyms: transfer, transport, move, remove, shift, convey, displace, relocate, reposition
Chemotherapy
the treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs.
Jargon
special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.
“legal jargon”
synonyms: specialized language, technical language, slang, cant, idiom, argot, patter, patois, vernacular
Alongside
close to the side of; next to.
“she was sitting alongside him”
Flee
run away from a place or situation of danger.
“a man was shot twice as he fled from five masked youths”
synonyms: skip
Asylum
the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.
“she applied for asylum and was granted refugee status”
Ethnic
relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition.
“leaders of ethnic communities”
synonyms: autochthonous
Be uprooted
pull (something, especially a tree or plant) out of the ground.
“the elephant’s trunk is powerful enough to uproot trees”
synonyms: pull up, root out, take out, rip out/up, tear up by the roots, grub out/up
Discrimination
the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
“victims of racial discrimination”
synonyms: prejudice, bias, bigotry, intolerance, narrow-mindedness, unfairness, inequity, favoritism, one-sidedness
Animosity
strong hostility.
“he no longer felt any animosity toward her”
synonyms: disrelish
Integration
the action or process of integrating.
“economic and political integration”
synonyms: desegregation, inclusion
Accustomed
make (someone or something) accept something as normal or usual.
“I accustomed my eyes to the lenses”
synonyms: adapt, adjust, acclimatize, attune, habituate, accommodate, assimilate, acculturate, inure
Dam
a barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity or as a water supply.
“the dam burst after torrential rain”
synonyms: barrage, barrier, wall, embankment, levee, barricade, obstruction, hindrance, blockage
Lagoon
a stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a low sandbank or coral reef.
Reef
a ridge of jagged rock, coral, or sand just above or below the surface of the sea.
synonyms: shoal, bar, sandbar, sandbank, spit, ridge, ledge, shelf, atoll
Reservoir
a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.
synonyms: waterbody
Sandbank
a deposit of sand forming a shallow area in the sea or a river.
Seabed
the ground under the sea; the ocean floor.
Slit
a long, narrow cut or opening.
“make a slit in the stem under a bud”
synonyms: opening, gap, chink, space, crack, cranny, aperture, slot, peephole
Vapour
a substance diffused or suspended in the air, especially one normally liquid or solid.
“dense clouds of smoke and toxic vapor”
synonyms: haze, mist, spray, steam, water vapor, condensation, smoke, fumes, exhalation
Purification
the removal of contaminants from something.
“water purification”
Perspiration
the process of sweating.
“it causes perspiration and a rapid heartbeat”
Irrigation
the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.
“the river supplies water for irrigation of agricultural crops”
Immersion
the action of immersing someone or something in a liquid.
“his back was still raw from immersion in the icy Atlantic Ocean”
Precipitation
the action or process of precipitating a substance from a solution.
Simmer
(of water or food) stay just below the boiling point while being heated.
“the goulash was simmering slowly on the stove”
synonyms: seethe
Dunk
dip (bread or other food) into a drink or soup before eating it.
“she dunked a piece of bread into her coffee”
Saucer
a shallow dish, typically having a circular indentation in the center, on which a cup is placed.
Sip
drink (something) by taking small mouthfuls.
“I sat sipping coffee”
synonyms: drink slowly, drink, taste, sample
a small mouthful of liquid.
“she took a sip of the red wine”
synonyms: mouthful, swallow, drink, drop, dram, nip, taste
Stir
move a spoon or other implement around in (a liquid or other substance) in order to mix it thoroughly.
“stir the batter until it is just combined”
synonyms: mix, blend, agitate, beat, whip, whisk, fold in, muddle
Meanders
(of a river or road) follow a winding course.
“a river that meandered gently through a meadow”
synonyms: zigzag, wind, twist, turn, curve, curl, bend, snake
Pours
flow rapidly in a steady stream.
“water poured off the roof”
synonyms: gush out, spew out, spurt out, spout out, erupt, flow, issue, emerge, come out
Loops
a shape produced by a curve that bends around and crosses itself.
“make a loop in the twine”
synonyms: bend, curve, kink, arc
Seeped
(of a liquid) flow or leak slowly through porous material or small holes.
“water began to seep through the soles of his boots”
synonyms: ooze, trickle, exude, drip, dribble, flow, issue, discharge, excrete
Gushed
(of a liquid) flow out in a rapid and plentiful stream, often suddenly.
“William watched the murky liquid gushing out”
synonyms: disembogue
Passers
a person who gives or transfers something to someone else.
“the passer of the note”
Flowed
(of a fluid, gas, or electricity) move along or out steadily and continuously in a current or stream.
“from here the river flows north”
synonyms: run, move, go along, course, pass, proceed, glide, slide, drift
Trickling
(of a liquid) flow in a small stream.
“a solitary tear trickled down her cheek”
synonyms: drip, dribble, drizzle, flow, run, spill, ooze, leak, seep
Infrastructure
the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
“the social and economic infrastructure of a country”
Condensation
water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it.
“the inside of the cab steamed up with condensation”
synonyms: moisture, water droplets, steam
Artefacts
مصنوعات
Expedition
a journey or voyage undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose, especially that of exploration, scientific research, or war.
“an expedition to the jungles of the Orinoco”
synonyms: trip, excursion, outing, journey, jaunt, run
Donned
put on (an item of clothing). "in the locker room the players donned their football jerseys" synonyms: tog oneself up/out in, doll oneself up in, pour oneself into
Submersible
designed to be completely submerged or to operate while submerged.
Inspect
look at (someone or something) closely, typically to assess their condition or to discover any shortcomings. "they were inspecting my outside paintwork for cracks and flaws"
Sunken
having sunk or been submerged in water.
“the wreck of a sunken ship”
Submarine
a warship with a streamlined hull designed to operate completely submerged in the sea for long periods, equipped with a periscope and typically armed with torpedoes or missiles.
Treasure
a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects.
“the ransom was to be paid in diamonds and treasure”
synonyms: riches, valuables, jewels, gems, gold, silver, precious metals, money, cash
Sonar
a system for the detection of objects under water and for measuring the water’s depth by emitting sound pulses and detecting or measuring their return after being reflected.
“a weak sonar signal”
Wreck
the destruction of a ship at sea; a shipwreck.
“the survivors of the wreck”
synonyms: destruction, sinking, wrecking, devastation, ruination, ruin, demolition, smashing, shattering
Devote
give all or a large part of one’s time or resources to (a person, activity, or cause).
“I wanted to devote more time to my family”
synonyms: allocate, assign, allot, commit, give, give over, afford, apportion, surrender
Timber
wood prepared for use in building and carpentry.
“the exploitation of forests for timber”
synonyms: wood, logs, firewood, planks, wood products, forest, woodland, woods, lumber
Hull
the main body of a ship or other vessel, including the bottom, sides, and deck but not the masts, superstructure, rigging, engines, and other fittings.
synonyms: framework, body, frame, skeleton, shell, structure, basic structure, exterior
Disintegration
the process of losing cohesion or strength.
“the twin problems of economic failure and social disintegration”
Confront
meet (someone) face to face with hostile or argumentative intent.
“he confronted the robbers as they were trying to leave”
synonyms: collar, nobble
Controversial
giving rise or likely to give rise to public disagreement.
“years of wrangling over a controversial bypass”
synonyms: controvertible
Minefield
an area planted with explosive mines.
“the sergeant crawled through a minefield to rescue two badly injured boys”
Implication
the conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not explicitly stated.
“the implication is that no one person at the bank is responsible”
synonyms: suggestion, inference, insinuation, innuendo, hint, intimation, imputation, indication, connotation
Resent
feel bitterness or indignation at (a circumstance, action, or person).
“she resented the fact that I had children”
synonyms: begrudge, feel aggrieved at/about, feel bitter about, grudge, be annoyed at/about, be angry at/about, be resentful of, dislike, be displeased at/about
Tsunamis
a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.
“the loss of human lives from this latest tsunami is staggering”
Exhilaration
a feeling of excitement, happiness, or elation.
“they felt the exhilaration of victory”
synonyms: elation, euphoria, exultation, exaltation, joy, happiness, delight, joyousness, jubilation
Stunt
prevent from growing or developing properly.
“some weeds produce chemicals that stunt the plant’s growth”
synonyms: inhibit, impede, hamper, hinder, restrict, retard, slow, curb, arrest
Enthusiastic
having or showing intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval.
“the promoter was enthusiastic about the concert venue”
synonyms: eager, keen, avid, ardent, fervent, warm, passionate, zealous, lively
Velocity
the speed of something in a given direction.
“the velocities of the emitted particles” and
Glaciers
a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.
Intensities
the quality of being intense.
“the pain grew in intensity”
synonyms: passion, ardor, fervor, fervency, zeal, vehemence, fire, heat, fever
Jeopardy
danger of loss, harm, or failure.
“Michael’s job was not in jeopardy”
synonyms: danger, peril, at risk, endangerment, imperilment, insecurity, perilousness, riskiness, precariousness
Rig
make (a sailing ship or boat) ready for sailing by providing it with sails and rigging.
“the catamaran will be rigged as a ketch”
synonyms: equip, fit out/up, supply, outfit, furnish, accoutre, array, provide, provision
Essence
the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, that determines its character.
“conflict is the essence of drama”
synonyms: quintessence, soul, spirit, ethos, nature, life, lifeblood, core, heart
Rot away
دور شدن
Erode
(of wind, water, or other natural agents) gradually wear away (soil, rock, or land).
“the cliffs have been eroded by the sea”
Culinary
of or for cooking.
“culinary skills”
Inflammatory
relating to or causing inflammation of a part of the body.
“inflammatory cells”
synonyms: erythrogenic
Contamination
the action or state of making or being made impure by polluting or poisoning.
“the risk of contamination by dangerous bacteria”
Hazardous
risky; dangerous.
“we work in hazardous conditions”
synonyms: chancy, uncertain, undependable, unpredictable, precarious, speculative
Premature
occurring or done before the usual or proper time; too early.
“the sun can cause premature aging”
synonyms: jumping the gun, previous
Biodiversity
the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
Rejuvenate
give new energy or vigor to; revitalize.
“the exercise and fresh air rejuvenated me”
Reinforce
strengthen or support (an object or substance), especially with additional material.
“the helmet has been reinforced with a double layer of cork”
synonyms: strengthen, fortify, bolster up, shore up, buttress, prop up, underpin, brace, stiffendis
Disguise
give (someone or oneself) a different appearance in order to conceal one’s identity.
“we took elaborate measures to disguise ourselves as locals”
synonyms: in disguise, camouflaged, incognito, under cover, unrecognizable, sailing under false colors
Accelerate
(of a vehicle or other physical object) begin to move more quickly.
“the car accelerated toward her”
Embellish
make (something) more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features.
“blue silk embellished with golden embroidery”
synonyms: decorate, adorn, ornament, dress, dress up, furnish, beautify, enhance, enrich
Sustain
strengthen or support physically or mentally.
“this thought had sustained him throughout the years”
synonyms: comfort, help, assist, encourage, succor, support, give strength to, be a source of strength to, be a tower of strength to
Scarcity
the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage.
“a time of scarcity”
synonyms: rarity, rareness, infrequency, sparseness, uncommonness, unusualness
Impurities
the quality or condition of being impure.
“a struggle to rid the soul of sin and impurity”
synonyms: immorality, corruption, sin, sinfulness, vice, wickedness, dishonor, depravity, degeneracy
Cyclones
a system of winds rotating inward to an area of low atmospheric pressure, with a counterclockwise (northern hemisphere) or clockwise (southern hemisphere) circulation; a depression.
Blizzards
a severe snowstorm with high winds and low visibility.
synonyms: snowstorm, snow blast, snow squall, whiteout
Rages
violent, uncontrollable anger.
“her face was distorted with rage”
synonyms: paddywhack
Deluge
a severe flood.
“this may be the worst deluge in living memory”
synonyms: flood, flash flood, torrent, spate
Harvest
the process or period of gathering in crops.
“helping with the harvest”
synonyms: gathering in of the crops, harvesting, harvest time, harvest home, reaping, picking, collecting
Irreversible
not able to be undone or altered.
“she suffered irreversible damage to her health”
synonyms: irreparable, unrepairable, beyond repair, unrectifiable, irremediable, irrevocable, permanent, lasting, enduring
Disastrous
causing great damage.
“a disastrous fire swept through the museum”
synonyms: catastrophic, calamitous, cataclysmic, tragic, devastating, ravaging, ruinous, harmful, injurious
Impending
(of an event regarded as threatening or significant) about to happen; forthcoming.
“the author had returned to his country ahead of the impending war”
Trivial
of little value or importance.
“huge fines were imposed for trivial offenses”
synonyms: piddling, piffling, penny-ante, twopenny-halfpenny, nickel-and-dime, small-bore
Horrendous
extremely unpleasant, horrifying, or terrible.
“she suffered horrendous injuries”
synonyms: horrible, dreadful, horrifying, horrific, frightful, fearful, awful, terrible, shocking
Fluctuate
rise and fall irregularly in number or amount.
“trade with other countries tends to fluctuate from year to year”
synonyms: vary, differ, shift, change, alter, waver, swing, oscillate, alternate
Invasion
an instance of invading a country or region with an armed force.
“in 1546 England had to be defended from invasion”
synonyms: occupation, conquering, capture, seizure, annexation, annexing, takeover, appropriation, expropriation
Inclusive
including or covering all the services, facilities, or items normally expected or required.
“the price is inclusive, with few incidentals”
synonyms: all-in, all-inclusive, with everything included, comprehensive, in toto, overall, full, all-around, across the board
Supplements
something that completes or enhances something else when added to it.
“the handout is a supplement to the official manual”
synonyms: appendix, addendum, end matter, tailpiece, codicil, rider, postscript, addition, extension
Exclusive
excluding or not admitting other things.
“my exclusive focus is on San Antonio issues”
synonyms: complete, full, entire, whole, total, absolute, to the exclusion of everything else
Ceases
bring or come to an end.
“the hostilities had ceased and normal life was resumed”
synonyms: bring to an end, bring to a halt, bring to a stop, end, halt, stop, conclude, terminate, finish
Diverse
showing a great deal of variety; very different.
“subjects as diverse as architecture, language teaching, and the physical sciences”
synonyms: contrastive
Turquoise
a greenish-blue color.
“the turquoise waters of the bay”
Zone
an area or stretch of land having a particular characteristic, purpose, or use, or subject to particular restrictions.
“a pedestrian zone”
synonyms: area, sector, section, belt, region, territory, tract, stretch, expanse
Marginal
relating to or situated at the edge or margin of something.
“marginal notes”
Steadily
in a regular and even manner.
“the business has been growing steadily”
Crept
move slowly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed.
“he crept downstairs, hardly making any noise”
synonyms: sneak, steal, slip, slink, sidle, skulk, pad, prowl, tiptoes
Over cultivation
کشت بیش از حد
Prolonged
continuing for a long time or longer than usual; lengthy.
“the region suffered a prolonged drought”
Scarce
(especially of food, money, or some other resource) insufficient for the demand.
“as raw materials became scarce, synthetics were developed”
synonyms: exiguous
Fertile
(of soil or land) producing or capable of producing abundant vegetation or crops.
“fields along the fertile flood plains of the river”
synonyms: fecund, fruitful, productive, high-yielding, prolific, proliferating, propagative, generative, rich
Erosion
the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.
“the problem of soil erosion”
Conserve
protect (something, especially an environmentally or culturally important place or thing) from harm or destruction.
“the funds raised will help conserve endangered meadowlands”
Topsoil
the top layer of soil.
“keep all the topsoil you remove; you’re bound to find a use for it later!”
Viable
capable of working successfully; feasible.
“the proposed investment was economically viable”
synonyms: workable, feasible, practicable, practical, applicable, usable, manageable, operable, operational
Transitional
relating to or characteristic of a process or period of transition.
“a transitional government was appointed”
synonyms: interim, temporary, provisional, pro tem, stopgap, short-term, fill-in, make-do, acting
Severe
(of something bad or undesirable) very great; intense.
“a severe shortage of technicians”
synonyms: splitting, thumping, pounding
Gradual
taking place or progressing slowly or by degrees.
“the gradual introduction of new methods”
synonyms: slow, moderate, measured, unhurried, restrained, cautious, circumspect, unspectacular, piecemeal
Favourable
expressing approval.
“the book received highly favorable reviews”
synonyms: positive, affirmative, assenting, agreeing, concurring, approving, in the affirmative, encouraging, reassuring
Partially
only in part; to a limited extent.
“the work partially fulfills the function of a historical memoir”
synonyms: ish
Exceeding
very great.
“she spoke warmly of his exceeding kindness”
synonyms: great, very great, considerable, exceptional, marked, distinct, tremendous, immense, extreme
Marginally
to only a limited extent; slightly.
“inflation is predicted to drop marginally”
Swallow
a migratory swift-flying songbird with a forked tail and long pointed wings, feeding on insects in flight.
Distinctive
characteristic of one person or thing, and so serving to distinguish it from others.
“juniper berries give gin its distinctive flavor”
synonyms: distinguishing, characteristic, typical, individual, particular, peculiar, idiosyncratic, differentiating, unique
Herald
an official messenger bringing news.
Flock
a number of birds of one kind feeding, resting, or traveling together.
“a flock of gulls”
synonyms: group, flight, congregation
Perch
a thing on which a bird alights or roosts, typically a branch or a horizontal rod or bar in a birdcage.
“the budgerigar shuffled along its perch”
synonyms: pole, rod, branch, roost, rest, resting place
Ridge
a long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed.
“the northeast ridge of Everest”
Fanciful
(of a person or their thoughts and ideas) overimaginative and unrealistic.
“a fanciful story about a pot of gold”
Equatorial
of, at, or near the equator.
“equatorial regions”
synonyms: claggy
Traced
find or discover by investigation.
“police are trying to trace a white van seen in the area”
synonyms: find the source of, find the origins of, find the roots of, follow to its source, source
Weighing
find out how heavy (someone or something) is, typically using scales.
“weigh yourself on the day you begin the diet”
synonyms: measure the weight of, measure how heavy someone/something is, put someone/something on the scales
Crisscross
a pattern of intersecting straight lines or paths.
“the crisscross of wrinkles on his face”
Mythology
a collection of myths, especially one belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition.
“a book discussing Jewish and Christian mythologies”
synonyms: mythos
Dramatised
adapt (a novel) or present (a particular incident) as a play or movie.
“the famous play that dramatized the Scopes trial”
synonyms: turn into a play/film, adapt for the stage/screen, base a screenplay on, put into dramatic form, present as a play/film
Personified
represent (a quality or concept) by a figure in human form.
“public pageants and dramas in which virtues and vices were personified”
Emperor
a sovereign ruler of great power and rank, especially one ruling an empire.
“he became emperor in 1930”
synonyms: ethnarch, autarch
Descended
move or fall downward.
“the aircraft began to descend”
synonyms: go down, come down, drop, fall, sink, subside, dive, plummet, plunge
Fauna
the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
“the flora and fauna of Siberia”
Trapezoidal
ذوزنقه ای
Outward
of, on, or from the outside.
“the vehicle’s outward and interior appearance”
Ascend
go up or climb.
“she ascended the stairs”
synonyms: climb (up), come/go/move up, make one’s/its way up, come/go/move upwards, rise (up), arise, mount, scale, conquer
Subterranean
existing, occurring, or done under the earth’s surface.
“the terrors and hazards of subterranean exploration”
Crust
the tough outer part of a loaf of bread.
“a sandwich with the crusts cut off”
synonyms: outer layer/part, outside, exterior, heel, end, remnant
Vast
of very great extent or quantity; immense.
“a vast plain of buffalo grass”
synonyms: mega, monster, whopping, whopping great, thumping, thumping great, humongous, jumbo, hulking
Percolate
(of a liquid or gas) filter gradually through a porous surface or substance.
“the water percolating through the soil may leach out minerals”
synonyms: filter, drain, drip, ooze, seep, trickle, dribble, strain, leak
Impermeable
not allowing fluid to pass through.
“an impermeable membrane”
Explosively
in the violent manner of an explosion.
“some volcanoes erupt explosively while others just simmer along”
Binary
relating to, composed of, or involving two things.
“testing the so-called binary, or dual-chemical, weapons”
Fluid
a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure; a gas or (especially) a liquid.
“we all need several glasses of fluid a day”
synonyms: flowing substance, liquid, watery substance, moisture, solution, juice, sap, gas, gaseous substance
Attribute
regard something as being caused by (someone or something).
“he attributed the firm’s success to the efforts of the managing director”
synonyms: ascribe, assign, accredit, credit, impute, allot, allocate, put down to, set down to
Genre
a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.
synonyms: category, class, classification, categorization, group, grouping, bracket, head, heading
Strain
force (a part of one’s body or oneself) to make a strenuous or unusually great effort.
“I stopped and listened, straining my ears for any sound”
Mammal
a warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young.
Pedigree
the record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred.
“they are looking for animals with pedigrees”
Aristocrat
a member of the aristocracy.
“a decadent old blue-blooded aristocrat”
synonyms: aristo, top person, member of the upper crust, toff, nob, rah, chinless wonder
Obsession
the state of being obsessed with someone or something.
“she cared for him with a devotion bordering on obsession”
Aesthetic
concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.
“the pictures give great aesthetic pleasure”
Striving
make great efforts to achieve or obtain something.
“national movements were striving for independence”
Mutation
the action or process of mutating.
“the mutation of cooking into a form of show business”
synonyms: transmogrification
Recessive
relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.
Conformation
the shape or structure of something, especially an animal.
“the judges run their hands over the dog’s body and legs, checking its conformation”
Miscellaneous
(of items or people gathered or considered together) of various types or from different sources.
“he picked up the miscellaneous papers”
synonyms: farraginous
Unprecedented
never done or known before.
“the government took the unprecedented step of releasing confidential correspondence”
synonyms: unexampled
Encase
enclose or cover in a case or close-fitting surround.
“each was encased in a plastic shrink-wrap”
Glacier
a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.
Decay
(of organic matter) rot or decompose through the action of bacteria and fungi.
“the body had begun to decay”
synonyms: decompose, rot, putrefy, go bad, go off, spoil, fester, perish, deteriorate
Consensus
a general agreement.
“a consensus view”
synonyms: general opinion/view, majority opinion/view, common opinion/view
Inundation
an overwhelming abundance of people or things.
“we see an inundation of campaign posters”
synonyms: onslaught, outpouring, flood, deluge, hail, avalanche, flow, barrage, battery
flooding.
“the annual inundation of the Nile”
Submerge
cause to be under water.
“houses had been flooded and cars submerged”
synonyms: flood, inundate, deluge, engulf, swamp, immerse, drown, overflow, pour over
Comparison
a consideration or estimate of the similarities or dissimilarities between two things or people.
“they drew a comparison between Gandhi’s teaching and that of other teachers”
synonyms: contrast, juxtaposition, collation, differentiation, weighing up, balancing
Resilience
the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.
“the often remarkable resilience of so many British institutions”
Tenure
the conditions under which land or buildings are held or occupied.
synonyms: tenancy, occupancy, holding, occupation, residence, possession, title, ownership, proprietorship
Component
a part or element of a larger whole, especially a part of a machine or vehicle.
“stereo components”
synonyms: part, piece, bit, constituent, element, ingredient, unit, module, item
Invertebrates
an animal lacking a backbone, such as an arthropod, mollusk, annelid, coelenterate, etc. The invertebrates constitute an artificial division of the animal kingdom, comprising 95 percent of animal species and about 30 different phyla.
Termini
a final point in space or time; an end or extremity.
“the exhibition’s terminus is 1962”
Sediment
matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; dregs.
“the ice freezes the wine and sediment at the base of the cork”
synonyms: draff, grouts
Permafrost
a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions.
“hilly terrain underlain by permafrost”
Invading
(of an armed force or its commander) enter (a country or region) so as to subjugate or occupy it.
“it was all part of a grander French plan to invade Ireland”
synonyms: occupy, conquer, capture, seize, take (over), annex, win, gain, secure
Ameliorate
make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better.
“the reform did much to ameliorate living standards”
synonyms: tweak, patch up
Desiccation
the removal of moisture from something.
“long periods of drought have led to the desiccation of farming land”
Bungalow
a low house, with a broad front porch, having either no upper floor or upper rooms set in the roof, typically with dormer windows.
Cramped
feeling or causing someone to feel uncomfortably confined or hemmed in by lack of space.
“the staff had to work in cramped conditions”
synonyms: restricted, confined, constricted, small, tiny, narrow, compact, tight, poky
Spacious
(especially of a room or building) having ample space.
“the hotel has a spacious lounge and TV room”
synonyms: extensive, broad, wide, wide open, expansive, sweeping, rolling, rambling, open
Bustling
(of a place) full of activity.
“the bustling little town”
synonyms: buzzy, heaving, like Piccadilly Circus
Shabby
in poor condition through long or hard use or lack of care.
“a conscript in a shabby uniform saluted the car”
synonyms: tatty, ratty, the worse for wear, raggedy, raggedy-ass, warby
Detached
separate or disconnected.
synonyms: unfastened, disconnected, disengaged, parted, separated, separate, uncoupled, removed, loosed
Predator
an animal that naturally preys on others.
“wolves are major predators of rodents”
Prey
an animal that is hunted and killed by another for food.
“the kestrel is ready to pounce on unsuspecting prey”
synonyms: quarry, game, kill
Herded
(with reference to a group of people or animals) move in a particular direction.
“we all herded into a storage room”
synonyms: crowd, pack, flock, cluster, huddle, group, gather
Fatal
causing death.
“a fatal accident”
synonyms: deathly
Attempt
make an effort to achieve or complete (something, typically a difficult task or action).
“she attempted a comeback in 1989”
synonyms: essay
Nudgea
prod (someone) gently, typically with one’s elbow, in order to draw their attention to something.
“people were nudging each other and pointing at me”
synonyms: poke, elbow, dig, prod, jog, jab, butt
Extravagant
lacking restraint in spending money or using resources.
“it was rather extravagant to buy both”
synonyms: spendthrift, profligate, unthrifty, thriftless, improvident, wasteful, free-spending, prodigal, squandering
Coach
illegally hunt or catch (game or fish) on land that is not one’s own or in contravention of official protection.
“20 tigers are thought to have been poached from national parks”
synonyms: hunt illegally, catch/trap/kill illegally, plunder
Fracking
the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks, boreholes, etc. so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas.
“the governor has halted gas fracking until July”
Sinkhole
a cavity in the ground, especially in limestone bedrock, caused by water erosion and providing a route for surface water to disappear underground.
Eruption
an act or instance of erupting.
“the eruption of Vesuvius”
synonyms: discharge, venting, ejection, emission, explosion
Burden
a load, typically a heavy one.
synonyms: load, cargo, freight, weight, charge, pack, bundle, parcel
Well
a shaft sunk into the ground to obtain water, oil, or gas.
synonyms: borehole, spring, waterhole, bore, shaft
Pulley
a wheel with a grooved rim around which a cord passes. It acts to change the direction of a force applied to the cord and is chiefly used (typically in combination) to raise heavy weights.
Destruction
the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired.
“the destruction of the library in Alexandria”
synonyms: spoliation, devastation, spoiling, ruination, wrecking, blighting, marring, disfigurement, impairment
Camouflage
hide or disguise the presence of (a person, animal, or object) by means of camouflage.
“the war area had to be camouflaged with mud”
synonyms: disguise, hide, conceal, keep hidden, mask, screen, veil, cloak, cover
Vanish
disappear suddenly and completely.
“Mary vanished without a trace”
synonyms: disappear, vanish into thin air, be lost to sight/view, be/become invisible, evaporate, dissipate, disperse, fade, fade away
