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Biology GCSE (EDEXCEL) > Natural selection and GM > Flashcards

Natural selection and GM Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification

A

Grouping organisms according to similarities in their characteristics and making evolutionary links

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2
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

Based on their physical characteristics and a series of ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions relating to a specific characteristic

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3
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Protista
  • Prokaryotes
  • Fungi
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4
Q

Animals: Characteristics

A
  • Multicellular
  • No cell walls
  • Complex cell structure with nucleus
  • Eukaryotes
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5
Q

Animals: Examples

A
  • Spiders
  • Birds
  • Insects
  • Humans
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6
Q

Plants: Characteristics

A
  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryotic
  • Have cell walls made of cellulose
  • Have chlorophyll so can photosynthesise
  • Venus flytraps live in conditions with bad soil so they supplement by eating flies
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7
Q

Plants: Examples

A
  • Trees
  • Flowers
  • Bushes
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8
Q

Fungi: Characteristics

A
  • Mostly multicellular
  • Eukaryotic
  • Can’t photosynthesise
  • Eat by breaking down external material such as wood or plants
  • Are saprophytic feeders
  • Some are unicellular such as yeast
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9
Q

Fungi: Examples

A
  • Yeast
  • Mushrooms
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10
Q

Protista: Characteristics

A
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Complex cell structure with a nucleus
  • Some, like algae, are multicellular
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11
Q

Protista: Examples

A
  • Amoeba
  • Euglena
  • Algae
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12
Q

Prokaryotes: Characteristics

A
  • No nucleus, DNA free
  • Unicellular
  • Simple cell structure
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13
Q

Prokaryotes: Examples

A
  • Ecoli
  • Tuberculosis
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14
Q

Genus

A
  • First part of the scientific name
  • (e.g. Homo)
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15
Q

Species

A
  • Entire scientific name
  • (e.g. Homo sapiens)
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16
Q

The Classification Ladder

(Kids prefer cake over fancy green salad)

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
17
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
  • Archae
18
Q

Why are Archae and Prokaryotes different?

A
  • Archae have a different DNA sequence to prokaryotes and bacteria
19
Q

What is a domain?

A
  • A classification group that is bigger than a kingdom
20
Q

What is genetic analysis?

A
  • The study of DNA and genes and comparing it with other organisms to find a common ancestor
21
Q

What is Selective Breeding?

A
  • Humans selecting and breeding organisms with desirable characteristics to produce offspring with the desirable characteristics
22
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A
  • It is when certain organisms of a species gain a genetic mutation that makes them more likely to survive when a selection pressure comes. This leads to them living longer, being more likely to have offspring and then passing on the mutated genes that allowed them to survive and over millions of years, filling the entire population with this more useful characteristic
23
Q

What is a Selection Pressure?

A
  • External agents that affect an organism’s ability to survive in a given environment
  • e.g. Predation, disease, competition for resources
24
Q

When was Ardi?

A

4.4 million years ago

25
Q

When was Lucy?

A

3.2 million years ago

26
Q

Problems with selectice breeding (3)

A
  1. Can reduce the gene pool
  2. Can cause health problems as greater chance of genetic defects
  3. Reduced variation can increase susceptibility to disease
27
Q

Clone

Definition

A

An organism with the exact genetic copy of another organism

Is done by mitosis

28
Q

Advantages of Tissue Culture (4)

A
  1. Many genetically identical plants can be produced fast
  2. Desirable characteristics are guaranteed to be maintained
  3. Rare plants can be saved from extinction
  4. Can be grown all year round
29
Q

Disadvantages of Tissue Culture

A
  1. No evolutionary potential
  2. Susceptible to genetic diseases
  3. Vulnerable to pests
30
Q

How does Tissue Culture work (4)

Steps to grow Animal Cells

A
  1. A piece of tissue is taken
  2. The cells are seperated using enzymes
  3. The single cells are placed in a growth medium
  4. Culture is put into an incubator at optimum temperature, pH and oxygen concentration
31
Q

Agrobacterium

Definition

A

A soil bacteria that can infect plant cells

Biology GCSE (EDEXCEL) (8 decks)

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