Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards
Endocrine glands
Glands where hormones are produced
Endocrine glands
(Examples)
-Pituitary gland
-Pancreas
-Ovaries
-Testes
-Thyroid
Hormones
(Definition)
Chemical messengers in the body that are made by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream
Thyroxine
(Action + target organs)
-Regulate heart rate and metabolic rate
-Whole body
Adrenaline
(Action + Target organs)
-Prepares body for action
-Whole body
Glucagon
(Action + target organs)
-Controls blood sugar levels by decreasing glucose uptake
-Liver
Oestrogen
(Action + Target organs)
-Controls puberty and menstrual cycle, Stimulates FSH production, Inhibits LH production
-Uterus, Ovaries, Breasts, Bones, Brain
Progesterone
(Action + Target organ)
-Maintains uterus lining, Inhibits FSH production
-Uterus, Ovaries, Brain
FSH-Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(Action + Target organs)
-Triggers egg ripening and oestrogen production in ovaries
-Ovaries, Testes
LH-Luteinising hormone
(Action + Target organs)
-Triggers egg release and progesterone production in ovaries
-Ovaries, Testes
Testosterone
(Action + Target organs)
-Controls puberty in males
-Testes, Prostate gland, Hair follicles, Muscles
Examples of ways that adrenaline can affect the body
-Increase respiration rate
-Increase heart rate
-Cause pupils to dilate
Why must body temp be kept at around 37 degrees Celsius?
It is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the human body
Vasodilation
The blood vessels supplying the skins capillaries dilate so more blood flows close to the skins surface
Vasoconstriction
Blood vessels supplying the skins capillaries constrict to reduce the skins blood supply
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
ART-Assisted Reproductive Technology
ART uses hormones and other techniques to increase the chance of pregnancy
Clomifene Therapy
A drug which helps increase the levels of FSH and LH in the blood. It is used to treat women who barely or never release eggs
IVF-In vitro fertilisation
Collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them out of the body using the man’s sperm
What do negative feedback systems do?
The control the conditions in your body and help keep them steady
What is glucose?
A type of sugar in our blood
What is glycogen?
Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and the muscles
How is fat put on?
When glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is stored as fat in the tissues
What monitors blood glucose levels?
The pancreas
What is insulin?
A hormone produced by the pancreas that decreases blood glucose levels when it gets too high
How does insulin work?
It causes body cells to take up more glucose from the blood
e.g. Cells in the liver and muscles can take up glucose and convert it into glycogen for storage
What is glucagon?
A hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels when it gets too low
How does glucagon work?
It causes stored glycogen to be converted back into glucose and enter the blood
What is the role of the Fallopian tube in the human female reproductive system?
It is the site where fertilisation occurs.
What is the function of the myometrium?
It is the muscular layer of the uterus.
What hormone is released during ovulation?
Luteinising hormone.
What is the purpose of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
It maintains the endometrium in case of pregnancy.
Fill in the blank: The egg is released during _______.
ovulation
What occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation due to a surge in hormones.
What hormones are produced by the pituitary gland related to the reproductive system?
Luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.
True or False: Menstruation lasts from days 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle.
True
What happens to the endometrium during menstruation?
It is shed from the uterus.
What hormone causes the new lining of the uterus to build up?
Estrogen.
What is an ovum, and where does it mature?
An ovum is an egg that matures inside a follicle in the ovary.
What is the typical duration of a menstrual cycle?
28 days.
What is the role of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
It connects the uterus to the vagina.
What triggers the release of a mature egg into the oviduct?
A surge in luteinising hormone.
Fill in the blank: The process of fertilisation occurs in the _______.
Fallopian tube
What is the function of the endometrium?
It is the lining of the uterus that prepares for implantation.
What happens during implantation?
The fertilised egg attaches to the endometrium.
What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the female reproductive system?
It stimulates the maturation of the ovum.
