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Biology GCSE (EDEXCEL) > Brain, Eye and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Brain, Eye and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Vitreous Humor

eye

A

Transparent fluid which provides structural support and allows light to reach the retina

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2
Q

Dilation

eye

A

When the pupil widens

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3
Q

Protein Synthesis

Deletion

Definition

A

When one or more bases are removed from the sequence

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4
Q

Protein Synthesis

Promoter Region

Definition

A

The region where transcription of a gene occurs

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5
Q

Protein Synthesis

RNA polymerase

Definition

A

The enzyme that makes the mRNA

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6
Q

Muscles

eye

A

These enable the eye to move in its socket

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7
Q

Colour blindness

Causes

A

The cones in the retina do not work properly or are absent

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8
Q

Protein Synthesis

What are the 5 mutations that can occur during protein synthesis?

A
  1. Substitution
  2. Insertion
  3. Deletion
  4. Inversion
  5. Duplication
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9
Q

Constriction

eye

A

When the pupil narrows

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10
Q

Short-sightedness
(Myopia)

Causes

A
  • Lens is too thick and curved
  • Eyeball is elongated
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11
Q

Long-sightedness

Treatment

A

By placing a convex lens in front of the eye

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12
Q

Protein Synthesis

Inversion

Definition

A

When 2 bases are swapped over

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13
Q

The Pupil Reflex

eye

A

An automatic reflec arc that constricts and dilates the pupil in order to control how much light is entering the eye

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14
Q

Retina

eye

A

The layer which contains photoreceptors

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15
Q

3

Temporal Lobe

What does it control?

A
  • Hearing
  • Learning
  • Feelings
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16
Q

Aqueous Humor

eye

A

Transparent fluid whivh allows light to enter the pupil

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17
Q

Cataracts

Treatment

A

Replacing the cloudy lens with an artificial one

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18
Q

2

What is the cerebellum?

A
  • Controls muscle co-ordination and posture
  • Co-ordinates timing and fine control of muscle activity

Many musicians and dancers have well developed cerebellums

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19
Q

3

What is the Cerebrum?

A
  • largest part of the brain
  • divided into 2 halves called cerebral hemispheres
  • (right side controls muscles on the left side of the body and vise versa)
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20
Q

Colour blindness

Treatment

A

There is no treatment

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21
Q

Ciliary body

eye

A

Contains muscles which control the amount of light entering the eye

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22
Q

Conjuctiva

eye

A

Transparent, protective, lubricating layer over the cornea

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23
Q

1

Occipital Lobe

What does it control?

A
  • Sight
24
Q

Protein Synthesis

Translation

Definition

A

The process when the mRNA attaches to the ribosome and recruits tRNA molecules that are carrying amino acids to make a polypeptide

25
Q

Pupil

eye

A

Hole in the iris that allows light into the back of the eye

26
Q

What does A CT scan show

A

The main structure of the brain

27
Q

Lens

eye

A

The part which refracts light into the eye

28
Q

Suspensory ligaments

eye

A

These hold the lens in place

29
Q

Protein Synthesis

Template strand

Definition

A

The strand that is used to build a new molecule of mRNA during Transcription

30
Q

Choroid

eye

A

The layer which contains blood vessels and absorbs light

31
Q

Short-sightedness

Treatment

A

By placing a concave lens in front of the eye

32
Q

4

Frontal Lobe

What does it control?

A
  • Thinking
  • Memory
  • Behaviour
  • Movement
33
Q

2

Parietal Lobe

What does it control?

A
  • Language
  • Touch
34
Q

Iris

eye

A

Changes shape to focus light onto the retina

35
Q

Protein Synthesis

Polypeptide

Definition

A

A chain of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds

36
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

Using scanners to detect gamma rays that radiate from a previously injected tracer

37
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Frontal
38
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

Using x-rays to produce an image of the brain

39
Q

Cataracts

Causes

A

A buildup of protein clouding the lens

40
Q

Protein Synthesis

What is thymine (T) replaced with in mRNA?

A

Uracil (U)

41
Q

Fovea

eye

A

Contains the greratest density of cones

42
Q

Long-sightedness
(Hyperopia)

Causes

A
  • Loss of elasticity in the lens
  • Eyeball is too short
43
Q

Protein Synthesis

Duplication

Definition

A

When one base in the sequence is repeated

44
Q

Protein Synthesis

Insertion

Definition

A

When one or more bases is added into the sequence

45
Q

Sclera

eye

A

Tough outer protective layer of the eyeball

46
Q

Protein Synthesis

Transcription

Definition

A

Copying a gene’s DNA sequence to create a mRNA molecule

47
Q

Genome

Definition

A

The entire set of genetic material in an organism

48
Q

Cornea

eye

A

Contains muscles whose actions result in the lens changing its shape

49
Q

Protein Synthesis

Substitution

Definition

A

When one base in the sequence has been changed

50
Q

Blind spot

eye

A

The point at which neurones converge to leave the eye

51
Q

Optic nerve

eye

A

Contains the axons of sensory neurones carrying information to the brain

52
Q

What does a PET scan show?

A
  • The function of different parts of the brain as well as the structure
  • Shows brain activity
53
Q

2

What is the Medulla Oblongata?

A
  • Controls unconscious activities (e.g. heart rate, breathing)
  • Also controls some reflexes such as vomiting, sneexing and swallowing
54
Q

Protein Synthesis

Codon

Definition

A

3 consecutive mRNA pairs

55
Q

3

What are the main parts of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla oblongata

Biology GCSE (EDEXCEL) (8 decks)

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