Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards
Fick’s Law
Definition
The rate of diffusion
= conc gradient x surface area/ diffusion distance
Why is excess Carbon dioxide in the blood bad?
It causes the blood to become acidic and denatures enzymes in the blood because the pH is too high
What are the different ways that substances can move in our out of cells?
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Active tranport
What are the substances that must be delivered to all cells in the body?
- Oxygen
- Amino acids
- Glucose
- Water
What are the substances that must be removed from cells in the body?
- Urea
- Carbon dioxide
What are the requirements needed for efficient gas exchange?
- Steep concentration gradient of carbon dioxide and oxygen
- Short diffusion distance
- Large surface area
What are the soluble components found in the blood?
- Mineral ions
- Glucose
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
- Amino acids
- Urea
- Antibodies
- Hormones
Adaptations of Red Blood Cells
- Biconcave shape to carry more oxygen
- No nucleus allows for more haemoglobin to carry more oxygen
Adaptations of White Blood Cells
- Phagocytes - Have a flexible and divided nucleus
- B-lymphocytes - Have lots of ribosomes and mitochondria
What are Platelets + What are they used for?
What they are:
* Fragments of cells
What they are used for?
* Clotting blood
What is Plasma?
The liquid part of blood that carries blood cells around the body
What is the lumen?
The hole in the tubes of blood vessels
What are the Capillaries?
A blood vessel where substances go in and out of the blood
What are the Arteries?
A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
What are the Veins?
A blood vessel that carries de-oxygenated blood back to the heart
Adaptations of the Arteries
- Can expand and constrict to control bloodflow
- Have collagen in the walls for strength
- Have 3 layers of thick walls
What is the endothelial tissue?
A wall layer of the blood vessels that is one cell thick
Adaptations of the Veins
- Have valves to ensure that the blood doesn’t flow backwards
- Large diameter lumen
- Thin walls to reduce blood flow resistance
Adaptations of Capillaries
- Very branched to increase surface area for faster diffusion rate
- Have a constant blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
- Have leaky walls to allow liquid to escape and bathe cells in order to exchange molecules with them
Heart rate
Definition
The number of times the heart beats in a minute
Stroke volume
Definition
The volume of blood being pushed into the aorta each time the left ventricle contracts
Cardiac output
Definition
The volume of blood being pushed into the aorta each minute
Cardiac output
Equation
Cardiac output
= stroke volume x heart rate
What is the Vena Cava?
A vein that bringes de-oxygenated blood to the heart
What do the Atrioventricular Valves do?
Ensure that blood goes down from the atria to the ventricles
What is the Septum?
It seperates the left and right sides of the heart
What are the Tendons/ Heartstrings?
They are attached to valves to prevent them from inverting
What is the Pulmonary Vein?
A vein that carries oxygenated blood into the left atrium
What is the Pulmonary Artery?
An artery that carries de-oxygenated blood out of the right ventricle
What is the double circulatory system made up of?
- The Pulmonary circulation
- The Systematic circulation
What is Pulmonary circulation?
Blood is circulated throught the lungs where it is oxygenated
What is Systematic circulation?
Blood is circulated through all other parts of the body except the lungs where it unloads oxygen
How many times does blood pass through the heart in one circuit?
Twice
