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Biology GCSE (EDEXCEL) > Cells and Control > Flashcards

Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase

A

DNA and organelles are copied

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2
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes are condensed and the nuclear envelope breaks down

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3
Q

Metaphase

A

-Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell/the equator
-They are moved by spindle fibers which are extended from the centrioles

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4
Q

Anaphase

A

-The spindle fibers shorten and separate the 2 sister chromatids at the centromere
-They are pulled to opposite poles of the cell and are now called daughter chromosomes

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5
Q

Telophase

A

New nuclear envelopes form around each group of chromosomes to make 2 new daughter nuclei

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6
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm splits to make 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Copying cell division

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8
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

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9
Q

What is cancer?

A

When tumors spread and destroy surrounding tissues

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10
Q

What causes cancers?

A

Mutations in a cell’s DNA

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11
Q

What are treatments for cancer?

A

-Surgery (cut out runout if possible)
-Chemotherapy (use drugs that are toxic to continually dividing cells
-Radiotherapy (radiation$

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12
Q

What is used to measure the growth of young babies?

A

Length, mass, circumference

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13
Q

Stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell

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14
Q

Totipotent stem cell

A

Can differentiate into every type of specialized cell in the body

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15
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Able to differentiate into most, but not all types of cell in out body

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16
Q

Adult multi potent stem cells

A

Can only differentiate into a small number of cells in our body

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17
Q

Stimuli

A

Changes in our environment

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18
Q

Receptors

A

Detect stimuli

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19
Q

Effector

A

Makes a response to a stimuli

20
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System made up of brain and spinal cord

21
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

22
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty sheath that speed up the rate of impulse conduction

23
Q

Disadvantages of clones

A
  1. No evolutionary potential
  2. All clones susceptible to the same diseases
24
Q

Zygote

A

The single cell that we started life as

25
Q

Chromosomes

A

Made of DNA and are divided into groups, each one containing instructions to make one particular proteins

26
Q

Lateral meristem

A

A group of undifferentiated stem cells in a bud of a plant

27
Q

Apical meristem

A

A group of undifferentiated stem cells in a shoot tip and root tip of a plant

28
Q

Flower bud function

A

Perform reproduction by making male and female sex cells/ gametes

29
Q

Leaf function

A

Perform photosynthesis, transpiration and make food for the rest of the plant

30
Q

Stem function

A

To support and hold up the leaves, connect the roots to the leaves and to store food

31
Q

Root tip function

A

To absorb water and minerals that the plant needs to survive and to grow using mitosis

32
Q

Root hair function

A

To increase the surface area of the shoot tip to maximise the amount of water and minerals that are absorbed

33
Q

Xylem function

A

To transport water and minerals from the roots to the stem and the leaves

34
Q

Palisade mesophyll function

A

To perform most of the photosynthesis in the leaf by having most of the chlorophyll

35
Q

Spongy mesophyll function

A

Has space for gases to exchange for photosynthesis

36
Q

Stomata function

A

To take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen

37
Q

Guard cell function

A

To open and close the stomata to control what goes in and out of the leaf

38
Q

Phloem function

A

To carry carbohydrates from the leaves to the rest of the plant

39
Q

Axon (Motor and Sensory neurone)

A

Carry info away from the cell body

40
Q

Fatty sheath (Motor and Sensory neurone)

A
  1. Made of myelin and speeds up the rate of impulse conduction by insulating axon/dendron
  2. Is a Schwann cell
41
Q

Dendron (Sensory neurone)

A

Carries info up a sensory neurone

42
Q

How is info carried in a nerve cell?

A

With tiny electrical signals called nerve signals

43
Q

Synapses definition

A

Junctions between neurones that allow electrical impulses to be transferred

44
Q

Synapses function

A
  1. Slow down the passage of information
  2. Ensure that impulses only travel in one direction
  3. Act as a junction box
45
Q

Reflex action advantages

A
  1. Automatic
  2. Extremely fast as brain is not involved and only use 2-3 neurones
46
Q

Reflex arc (Series of Events)

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Sensory neurone
  4. Rotary neurone
  5. Motor neurone
  6. Effector
  7. Response

Biology GCSE (EDEXCEL) (7 decks)

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