Cells and Control

Question 1

Interphase

Answer 1

DNA and organelles are copied

Question 2

Prophase

Answer 2

Chromosomes are condensed and the nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 3

Metaphase

Answer 3

-Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell/the equator
-They are moved by spindle fibers which are extended from the centrioles

Question 4

Anaphase

Answer 4

-The spindle fibers shorten and separate the 2 sister chromatids at the centromere
-They are pulled to opposite poles of the cell and are now called daughter chromosomes

Question 5

Telophase

Answer 5

New nuclear envelopes form around each group of chromosomes to make 2 new daughter nuclei

Question 6

Cytokinesis

Answer 6

The cytoplasm splits to make 2 genetically identical daughter cells

Question 7

Mitosis

Answer 7

Copying cell division

Question 8

What is mitosis used for?

Answer 8

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

Question 9

What is cancer?

Answer 9

When tumors spread and destroy surrounding tissues

Question 10

What causes cancers?

Answer 10

Mutations in a cell’s DNA

Question 11

What are treatments for cancer?

Answer 11

-Surgery (cut out runout if possible)
-Chemotherapy (use drugs that are toxic to continually dividing cells
-Radiotherapy (radiation$

Question 12

What is used to measure the growth of young babies?

Answer 12

Length, mass, circumference

Question 13

Stem cell

Answer 13

An undifferentiated cell

Question 14

Totipotent stem cell

Answer 14

Can differentiate into every type of specialized cell in the body

Question 15

Pluripotent stem cells

Answer 15

Able to differentiate into most, but not all types of cell in out body

Question 16

Adult multi potent stem cells

Answer 16

Can only differentiate into a small number of cells in our body

Question 17

Stimuli

Answer 17

Changes in our environment

Question 18

Receptors

Answer 18

Detect stimuli

Question 19

Effector

Answer 19

Makes a response to a stimuli

Question 20

CNS

Answer 20

Central Nervous System made up of brain and spinal cord

Question 21

PNS

Answer 21

Peripheral nervous system

Question 22

Myelin sheath

Answer 22

A fatty sheath that speed up the rate of impulse conduction

Question 23

Disadvantages of clones

Answer 23

1. No evolutionary potential
2. All clones susceptible to the same diseases

Question 24

Zygote

Answer 24

The single cell that we started life as

Question 25

Chromosomes

Answer 25

Made of DNA and are divided into groups, each one containing instructions to make one particular proteins

Question 26

Lateral meristem

Answer 26

A group of undifferentiated stem cells in a bud of a plant

Question 27

Apical meristem

Answer 27

A group of undifferentiated stem cells in a shoot tip and root tip of a plant

Question 28

Flower bud function

Answer 28

Perform reproduction by making male and female sex cells/ gametes

Question 29

Leaf function

Answer 29

Perform photosynthesis, transpiration and make food for the rest of the plant

Question 30

Stem function

Answer 30

To support and hold up the leaves, connect the roots to the leaves and to store food

Question 31

Root tip function

Answer 31

To absorb water and minerals that the plant needs to survive and to grow using mitosis

Question 32

Root hair function

Answer 32

To increase the surface area of the shoot tip to maximise the amount of water and minerals that are absorbed

Question 33

Xylem function

Answer 33

To transport water and minerals from the roots to the stem and the leaves

Question 34

Palisade mesophyll function

Answer 34

To perform most of the photosynthesis in the leaf by having most of the chlorophyll

Question 35

Spongy mesophyll function

Answer 35

Has space for gases to exchange for photosynthesis

Question 36

Stomata function

Answer 36

To take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen

Question 37

Guard cell function

Answer 37

To open and close the stomata to control what goes in and out of the leaf

Question 38

Phloem function

Answer 38

To carry carbohydrates from the leaves to the rest of the plant

Question 39

Axon (Motor and Sensory neurone)

Answer 39

Carry info away from the cell body

Question 40

Fatty sheath (Motor and Sensory neurone)

Answer 40

1. Made of myelin and speeds up the rate of impulse conduction by insulating axon/dendron 2. Is a Schwann cell

Question 41

Dendron (Sensory neurone)

Answer 41

Carries info up a sensory neurone

Question 42

How is info carried in a nerve cell?

Answer 42

With tiny electrical signals called nerve signals

Question 43

Synapses definition

Answer 43

Junctions between neurones that allow electrical impulses to be transferred

Question 44

Synapses function

Answer 44

1. Slow down the passage of information 2. Ensure that impulses only travel in one direction 3. Act as a junction box

Question 45

Reflex action advantages

Answer 45

1. Automatic 2. Extremely fast as brain is not involved and only use 2-3 neurones

Question 46

Reflex arc (Series of Events)

Answer 46

1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Sensory neurone 4. Rotary neurone 5. Motor neurone 6. Effector 7. Response