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History AS1 > National Constituent Assembly, Weimar Constitution And Treaty Of Versailles > Flashcards

National Constituent Assembly, Weimar Constitution And Treaty Of Versailles Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened on November 18 1918

A

Kaiser Wilhelmina abdication and collapse of imperial Germany

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2
Q

What happened January 1919

A

National Constituent Assembly Elections

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3
Q

January 1919 election results

A
  • high voter turnout of 83%.
  • 76.1% voted for democratic parties
  • solid vote for SDP, DDP (German demo party) and ZP so easier to form coalition
  • DNVP (antireoub, monarchist, etc) 10.3% and supported by imp conservative forces (army officers, land owners, industrialists, etc.)
  • Radical left USPD 7.6%
  • ## SPD 38% but need 50% for majority
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4
Q

Where did the NCA meet and why

A

Weimar in Saxony due to Spartacist disturbances in Berlin showing weakness

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5
Q

Head of NCA and his aims

A

Freidrich Ebert. Wanted to show G to Allies as a democratic, civilized nation deserving a fair peace treaty

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6
Q

What did the national constituent assembly do

A
  • elect Ebert as president
  • accepted Treaty of Versailles June 1919
  • drew up Weimar constitution Aug 1919
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7
Q

When was the Treaty of Versailles accepted

A

June 1919

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8
Q

When was the Weimar constitution finished

A

August 1919

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9
Q

WHO did Ebert choose as Chancellor

A

Scheidemann

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10
Q

When was the Paris Peace Conference and who attended?

A

12 January 1919. Big 4 attended i.e. Wilson, Clemenceau, PM George and PM Vittoria Orlando

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11
Q

US President Wilson’s 14 points

A

Right of self-determination, etc. Not adhered to, exacerbating sense of indignity and humiliation as had expected better.

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12
Q

Briefly state the 5 terms of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • Territory
  • Reparations
  • Armed Forces Restrictions
  • War Guilt
    (- League of Nations)
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13
Q

Which 2 places were returned to France via the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Alsace-Lorraine, which was rich in Iron ore deposits
  • Saar Coalfield, German speaking, v industrially rich and then used as a fail safe in rep instalments (if not pay, some taken)
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14
Q

Significance of G losing West Prussia and Upper Silesia

A

Lost the polish corridor, given to Poland. No Anschluss with Austria. Polish state get access to sea and deep resentment as 2million Germans under Polish Rule (against Wilson’s 14pts self determination)

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15
Q

Why was Britain given Tanganyika and Australia New Guinea?

A

German colonies made ‘mandates’ of League of Nations

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16
Q

Reparations agreed on in ToV

A

132 billion marks as agreed by International Allied Reparation Committee (IARC)in instalments. Payment plan take until 1984 to pay off

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17
Q

Armed Forces Restrictions from ToV

A
  • 100 000 unconscripted men in army only
  • no submarines or airforce. Only 6 battleships (signif as naval rivalry w Britain)
  • demilitarized Rhineland
    G now a third rate military power
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18
Q

War Guilt

A

Germany took sole responsibility for outbreak of WW1 under Clause 231, this was also justification for high reparations

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19
Q

League of Nations

A

Germany lost diplomatic standing and not invited, but had to sign up to its covenant. Not included in international community so felt like an isolated pariah

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20
Q

The Treaty of Versailles perpetuated the ‘Stab in the Back’ myth, what was that?

A

Claimed that Weimar politicians had stabbed German soldiers in the back by surrending the war.

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21
Q

WHO were the ‘November criminals’

A

The politicians who signed the armistice

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22
Q

Why was the TOV called a diktat?

A

It was a dictated peace, German delegation led by Muller unable to negotiate

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23
Q

Layton on the signing of the TOV

A

‘TOV signing fuelled the propaganda of the republic’s enemies for years to come’

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24
Q

How did the TOV make political moderates look naive?

A

They had argued that the Allies would treat Germany more leniently if she was democratic

25
Q

Long term impacts of the TOV (3)

A
  • partly responsible for Kapp Putsch 1920
  • reparations exacerbated 1923 hyperinflation as not able to pay
  • Hitler revive hatred of TOV during Great Depression to gain popularity
26
Q

Political significance of the TOV

A

No other political issue produced such unanimity in Weimar Germany Than the rejection and condemnation of the Treaty of Versailles

27
Q

Economic impact of the TOV

A
  • Loans secured from USA to pay reps eventually contributed to 1930s Great Depression as loans recalled
  • contribution to Hyperinflation 1923
28
Q

Why did Germans feel vulnerable after TOV

A

Reduced to third rate military power esp West as Rhineland demilitarized and security undermined

29
Q

Except self-determination, what else did the Germans feel was against Wilson’s 14 points

A

Germany was forced to disarm to dangerously low levels, threatening domestic security. Had expected unilateral disarmament

30
Q

Why was clause 231 War Guilt so devastating

A

Traditionally militaristic and imperialistic regime. Germans dismissed it and therefore viewed reparations as illegitimate. Huge psychological impact

31
Q

Which countrie given to France by TOV would have voted to return to France anyways and why?

A

Alsace Lorraine because it was French before 1871

32
Q

How was the TOV not economically devastating

A

G still had a string economy, stronger than France and Russia’s, and still had extensive industry and resources

33
Q

Germany not physically occupied WW1, unlike

A

real damage done in France and Belgium

34
Q

Germany had imposed much harsher terms than TOV on ——— in the ———

A

Russia in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk

35
Q

What was the Bill of Rights on the Weimar Constitution? (5)

A
  • freedom of speech, assembly and religion
  • if 10% electorate sign a petition, a referendum held
  • equality of all Germans before the law
  • protection of labour (allow TUs to be formed)
  • limited welfare provisions (eg housing, disabilities, etc.)
36
Q

Describe the Reichsrat from the Weimar Constitution

A
  • not have much power
  • could only initiate/delay proposals
  • chosen from representatives from all 17 states
37
Q

Describe the Lander from the WC

A
  • federal state system

- each state has power over police, education system and taxing

38
Q

Describe the Reichstag in the WC (4)

A
  • 423 deputies
  • Pass laws
  • elected by PR every four years
  • main representative and legislative body of parliament
39
Q

Function of Supreme Court in the WC

A

To clarify articles

40
Q

Describe proportional representation in the WC

A
  • Per 60 000 votes in each district, party gain 1 deputy
  • fair electoral boundaries
  • Germany divided into 35 equal electoral districts, parties drew up list of candidates and voters vote for party as whole
41
Q

Pros of PR

A
  • even minor parties could have a say

- equal representation

42
Q

Describe Article 48

A

Presidential emergency powers to rule by decree to pass laws without approval from the Reichstag

43
Q

Describe Article 25

A

President can dissolve Reichstag once with elections held in 6 weeks

44
Q

Article 53

A

President appoints the Chancellor

45
Q

Describe the powers of the Chancellor in WC

A
  • has to sign Bills before the Oresident can pass laws

Answerable to the Reichstag and the Oresident ( can be dismissed by either)

46
Q

Article 43

A

The president is elected every 7 years

47
Q

Article 47

A

President is the supreme commander of armed forces

48
Q

Voting rights WC

A

Universal suffrage for everyone 20 and under

49
Q

Pros and Cons of Article 48

A
  • President could defend constitution against its enemies. Eg successfully used by Ebert 1923 to help put down the Munich Putsch
  • president ‘ersatzkaiser’ as art 48 could suspend civil liberties in an emergency and restore law and order by presidential decree. Undermined democracy and open to abuse… excessive use Hindenburg 1930s
50
Q

There were checks and balances on the WC to lessen fear of…

A

RW and liberal circles that an unrestricted Reichstag would be too powerful

51
Q

Strength of Weimar Constitution

A

In spirit was democratic and progressive, based on firmly established principles eg billl of rights

52
Q

What about the WC disgruntled elites

A

Many socialist provisions like welfare provisions

53
Q

What were the Continuation of Traditional Institutions

A
  • judiciary continued to enjoy trad independence under constitution but hearts of many judges not w WR
  • army enjoyed great status and many socially linked to Prussian landowners. Sought to maintain influence post 1928 but generally unsympathetic to republic
  • universities proud of trad, old status & sympathetic to old ideas and rules
54
Q

Civil service in the WC

A

Well educated and professional but tended to conform w conservative values of imperial Germany

55
Q

Impact of conservative forces on WC

A

Allowed to exert great influence and was at odds w LWs wishes to extend civil rights and be democratic

56
Q

Germany had — chancellors, —- cabinets in its ———yr history

A

11 chancellors and 21 cabinets in its 14 year history

57
Q

Longest govt of Weimar Republic

A

2 years

58
Q

Cons of PR

A
  • encouraged formation of splinter parties
  • first past the post May have been better
  • difficult for govt to be decisive in weak coalitions
  • difficult to get a majority

History AS1 (18 decks)

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