NASM CPT Chapter 5 Flashcards
Superior:
Positioned above a point of reference.
Inferior:
Positioned below a point of reference.
Proximal:
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.
Distal:
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
Anterior (or ventral):
On the front of the body.
Posterior (or dorsal):
On the back of the body. (Think dorsal fin).
Medial:
Positioned near the middle of the body.
Anatomic Position:
The terms anterior, posterior, medial & lateral, abduction & adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
Sagittal Plane:
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Flexion:
A bending movement in which the relative angle btwn two adjacent segments decreases.
An example of adduction/abduction in the frontal plane and anterior-posterior axis would be a __________.
Side lateral raise.
Extension:
A straightening movement in which the relative angle btwn two adjacent segments increases.
Hyperextension:
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
Frontal plane:
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
ABduction:
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body. (Think: alient ABduction)
ADduction:
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Transverse plane:
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Internal rotation:
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
External rotation:
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Horizontal aBduction:
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal ADduction:
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Scapular Retraction:
ADduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
Scapular Protraction:
ABduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular Depression:
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.
Scapular Elevation:
Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.
**Eccentric Muscle Action:
A muscle develops tension while lengthening.
Decelerates or reduces force.
**Concentric Muscle Action:
Moving in opposite direction of force. Accelerates or produces force. Muscle shortens.
**Isometric Muscle Action:
Muscular force equal to resistive force. No visible change in the muscle length. Stabilizes force.
Force:
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration of the second object.
**Length-Tension Relationship:
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting time.
**What is an example of muscle being out of alignment and not generating enough force?
Length-tension relationship.
Force-Couple:
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.
**Torque:
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
**Internal Feedback:
The process whereby sensory info is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
**What muscle concentrically accelerates or does hip extension?
Gluteus maximus.
