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Neuroscience > N8- Cerebral cortex and thalamus > Flashcards

N8- Cerebral cortex and thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of cerebral cortex?

A

regional specialisation of function

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2
Q

what is the role of the thalamus?

A

relay and integration en-route to cortex

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3
Q

what is the basic cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex?

A

consists of neuronal cell bodies, axons and dendrites, arranged in layers (along with supporting glial cells)

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4
Q

what are the 2 basic types of the cortex?

A
  • allocortex

- neocortex

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5
Q

Describe allocortex.

A

evolutionarily older and is only found in a small part of the brain

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6
Q

Describe the neocortex.

A

consists of 6 layers of cells, although the layers are more obvious in some areas than others

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7
Q

What are the 6 layers of the neocortex?

A 
1- molecular layer
2- external granular layer
3- external pyramidal cell layer
4-internal granular layer
5-ganglionic layer (internal pyramidal cells)
6- multiform (polymorphic) cel layer
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8
Q

Describe the molecular layer.

A

Few cells. Mostly horizontally arranged axons and dendrites of afferents, intercortical neurons and apical dendrites of pyramidal cells

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9
Q

why is the molecular layer named?

A

The many processes make It look punctuate

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10
Q

what are the input layers of the neocortex?

A
  • external granular layer (local)

- internal granular layer (thalamus)

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11
Q

What are the two output layers of the neocortex?

A
  • external pyramidal layer (local)

- ganglionic layer (internal pyramidal cells) (BS/spinal cord)

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12
Q

what are the 2 classes of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Primary cortex

- Association cortex

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13
Q

Describe the primary cortex.

A

Exit (motor) and entry points (sensory)

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14
Q

Describe the association cortex.

A

integration, complex

processing adjacent to primary (takes information and analyses it from the primary cortex)

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15
Q

Describe the Brodmann’s areas.

A

Brodmann’s map divides the cortex into numbered areas based on subtle differences in the cytoarchitecture of the cortex

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16
Q

What does the cytoarchitecture of each area in the brodmanns map link to?

A

Specific function

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17
Q

What Brodmanns area is the primary visual cortex found>

A

17

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18
Q

where does the primary motor area sit?

A

in pre central gyrus

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19
Q

what does the primary motor area control?

A

More direct control of motor activity than other motor areas - force, direction and speed of muscle contraction

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20
Q

what activates the primary motor cortex?

A

simple movement

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21
Q

What is involved in planning complex tasks?

A

supplementary motor area

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22
Q

Describe carrying out a complex movement.

A

Carry out a complex movement, both the primary and supplementary motor areas are activated

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23
Q

How is the supplementary motor area activated alone?

A

Just rehearse in your mind carrying out a complex movement

24
Q

What is the role of the premotor cortex?

A

Preparation for action - posture and gait

integration of spatial information and planned movement

25
Q

In the post central gyrus, , how are different body regions represented in the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

represented as a body map -somatotopic

26
Q

where is the association somatosensory cortex found?

A

superior parietal lobule

27
Q

what is the role of the association somatosensory cortex?

A

Awareness/perception in space

28
Q

what does damage to the pre-frontal region of the association cortex lead to?

A

disorders of personality and motivation

29
Q

what are 5 features of frontal lobe damage?

A

1) Personality changes
(2) Deficits in planning
(3) Perseveration
(4) Primitive reflexes (suckling reflex)
(5) Abulia (lack of motivation; slowness of decision making)

30
Q

Where are language areas of the cerebral hemispheres found?

A

In about 95% of right handed people and about 65% of left handed people, language is centred in the left hemisphere

31
Q

What area programs to make speech?

A

Broca’s area

32
Q

What is caused by a lesion In broca’s area?

A

Expressive aphasia

-language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor but comprehension is OK

33
Q

What area programs to understand/ comprehend speech?

A

Wernicke’s area

34
Q

What is caused by a lesion in Wernicke’s area?

A

Receptive aphasia

-unable to understand/generate meaningful language

35
Q

where does Wernicke’s area sit in relation to the primary auditory area?

A

Posterior and inferior

36
Q

What is processed in the left hemisphere?

A
  • Language

- Calculation

37
Q

What is processed in the right hemisphere?

A
  • Drawing
  • Music
  • Spatial perception
38
Q

In the feel the keys experiment, what happens if the corpus callous is severed?

A 
Left hand feels, right
cortex recognises, but
cannot activate the
language centres in the 
left hemisphere to speak
the word keys
39
Q

what is the thalamus made of?

A

collection of nuclei (grey matter)

40
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relays and processes sensory and motor information en-route

to cortex

41
Q

What is the role of each. nucleus in the thalamus?

A

Each nucleus communicates (projects) to the cortex with related function

42
Q

what sits between the two sides of the thalamus?

A

3rd Ventricle

43
Q

What separates the putamen and thalamus?

A

Internal capsule

44
Q

What is the largest nuclei in the thalamus and when is it activated?

A
  • Pulvinar

- activated when looking at something

45
Q

What nucleus communicates sensory information from the body to the cortex?

A

Ventroposteriolateral (VPL)

46
Q

What nucleus communicates sensory information from the head to the cortex?

A

Ventroposteriomedial (VPM)

47
Q

What is involved In communication with the primary visual cortex?

A

lateral geniculate body (input from optic nerves)

48
Q

What is involved In communication with the auditory cortex?

A

medial geniculate body (input from auditory system)

49
Q

With connections with the motor cortex, what provides motor feedback?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

50
Q

what nucleus receives input from cerebellum?

A

Ventro lateral

51
Q

What nucleus receives input from basal ganglia?

A

Ventro anterior

52
Q

What is the anterior nucleus’s function and what does it connect to?

A

Memory/instinctive behaviour

-connects with limbic system

53
Q

What is the intralaminar nucleus function and where does it receive input from?

A

Pain/arousal

-receive input from reticular system, pain pathways and project diffusely to cortex

54
Q

What is the function of the cortex?

A

regional specialisation of function

55
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relay and integration en-route to cortex

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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