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Neuroscience > N25-Speech > Flashcards

N25-Speech Flashcards

1
Q

what is phonation?

A

Generation of sound by vocal folds setting the air particles into vibration

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2
Q

What is resonance and articulation?

A

modify the sound to produce specific complex speech sounds

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3
Q

when is respiration , its the only time you can speak?

A

expiration

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4
Q

where is phonation generated?

A

in larynx

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5
Q

How are voiced sounds produced?

A

vocal folds vibrate

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6
Q

how are unvoiced (breathed) sounds produced?

A
  • vocal folds do not vibrate

- articulated only e.g. ss, p , ff

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7
Q

what structures/systems involved in phonation?

A
  • respiratory system

- larynx-vocal folds

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8
Q

what structures/systems involved in resonance?

A

pharynx, oral and nasal cavities

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9
Q

what structures/systems involved in articulation?

A

lips, tongue, teeth, palate

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10
Q

what supports the vocal ligament?

A

arytenoid

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11
Q

look at anatomy notes last year

A
  • vocal ligament
  • thryoid cartilage
  • voaclus
  • artenoid
  • lateral crcioaryenoid muscle
  • transverse arytenoid muscle
  • superior pharyngeal constrictor
  • posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
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12
Q

what happens when vocal cords are fully open?

A

air passes through freely -noise is being made as a result of movement of the mouth

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13
Q

what happens to the folds during phonation?

A

folds brought together

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14
Q

how is phonation initiated?

A

active closing of the vocal folds

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15
Q

what is phonation followed by?

A

passive vibration of the folds from expired air

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16
Q

Describe the myoelsatic aerodynamic theory.

A
  • folds close
  • air pressure build up from expiration
  • pressure opens the folds
  • air rushes through
  • vocal folds close off due to: elasticity and decrease in pressure (Bernoulli effect)
  • air pressure build up from expiration and repeats pressure opens the folds
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17
Q

Describe the Bernoulli effect.

A
  • flow through a narrow constriction
  • velocity increases
  • drop in pressure
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18
Q

what does the frequency of the fold vibration determine?

A

the lowest fundamental frequency :
Men fo= 125Hz
women fo = 200Hz
Children fo = 300Hz

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19
Q

what is frequency of fold vibration determined by?

A
  • size of the vocal fold : men (17-24mm), women (13-17mm)
  • fold tension: increased tension and frequency -vocalis muscle
  • force of expiration
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20
Q

what is resonance?

A

a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system

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21
Q

what is natural frequency linked to (resonance)?

A
  • shape/volume

- material

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22
Q

what is resonance used for?

A
  • selective amplification

- vowels

23
Q

how is articulation created?

A

Interruption of the sound :

  • partial
  • complete
24
Q

what are relatively fixed form of principle resonating cavities?

A
  • larynx

- pharynx

25
Q

what is fixed shape/volume of principle resonating cavities?

A

nose -but can divert air into or away from them

26
Q

what principle resonating cavity is subject to much change in volume and shape?

A

oral- the position of the tongue can change shape of oral cavity

27
Q

what pathological changes can alter voice sounds?

A
  • nasal blockage

- cleft palate

28
Q

Describe the creation of vowel sounds.

A

-usually nasal cavity sealed off by soft palate
-some French vowel sounds have nasal cavity
open
-tongue alters shape of resonating chambers
- shape of lips also has an effect

29
Q

what is dipthong?

A
  • Greek with 2 sounds

- 2 vowel sounds in rapid succession

30
Q

how are consonants produced ?

A
  • articulation

- air flow is impeded ( partial or total interruption) by: tongue, teeth and lips

31
Q

Name the classification of sounds.

A
  • plosive - complete stoppage of air
  • nasal- obstructions in mouth but nasal passage open
  • fricative- partial stoppage only
  • affricative - partial stoppage with rapid release of air
32
Q

Describe plosive p and b sounds.

A

-Bilabial
-complete stoppage
in mouth
-nasal passage closed

33
Q

Describe plosive d and t sounds.

A

-alveolar
-complete stoppage
in mouth
-closed nasal passage
-lips apart

34
Q

Describe k and g sounds.

A
  • Palate
  • complete stoppage
    in mouth
  • closed nasal passage
    -lips apart
35
Q

Describe nasal m sounds.

A

-Bilabial
-partial stoppage in
mouth
-escape through open nasal passage

36
Q

Describe nasal n sounds.

A

-alveolar
-partial stoppage in
mouth
-escape through open nasal passage
-lips apart

37
Q

describe the nasal ng sounds.

A

-Soft palate
-partial stoppage in
mouth
-escape through open nasal passage
-lips apart

38
Q

describe the fricative f and v sounds.

A
  • LabioQdental
  • partial release of air
  • closed nasal passage
39
Q

Describe the fricative th sounds.

A
  • LinguaQdental
  • partial release of air
  • closed nasal passage
40
Q

Describe the fricative s and z sounds.

A
  • alveolar
  • air passing between narrow space between tongue and anterior palate
  • closed nasal passage
41
Q

Describe the affricative sh, ch, j .

A
  • Greater part of tongue in contact or just out of contact with the hard palate
  • partial release of air
  • closed nasal passage
42
Q

Describe the production of lateral consonants.

A
  • l

- air forced to leave the side of the mouth

43
Q

Describe the production of rolled consonants.

A
  • r

- rapid vibration of the tongue

44
Q

Describe the production of semi-vowels.

A

– w, y

– special ways of starting or ending vowels

45
Q

How does dentistry affect speech.

A
  • Tooth loss - especially anterior
  • removable prosthodontics - dentures
  • orthodontic - tooth position and appliances
  • fixed prosthodontics - bridges and crowns
  • Occlusal splints
46
Q

what are two 2 distinct capabilities of control of language/speech?

A
  • comprehension

- expression

47
Q

where are areas of brain for speech control?

A

left hemisphere

48
Q

Describe what happens if child <2 damages Left side?

A

CNS plasticity:

  • control transferred to the right
  • no detriment to language development
49
Q

Describe Broca’s area.

A
  • left frontal lobe
    – close to relevant areas of the motor cortex
    – role in actual production of speech
    – coordination of breathing and muscles involved in speech process
    – controls word formation Q i.e. speaking ability
50
Q

what is caused by a lesion of brocas area?

A
  • Broca’s aphasia
  • Non-fluent aphasia
  • Expressive aphasia
  • Loss of fluent speech
  • understand written / spoken word
  • know what to say
  • but cannot say it
51
Q

where is Wernicke’s area?

A
  • located in Left cortex

- at junction between parietal and temporal lobes

52
Q

What does wernicke’s area receive input from?

A 
-visual cortex
• reading comprehension 
• describing what is seen
– auditory cortex
• understanding spoken words
53
Q

what is wernicke’s area important for?

A

– understanding written + spoken language
– generation of meaningful language
-formulates coherent patterns of speech which are transferred to Brocas area to control motor activity required

54
Q

what is caused by a lesion of wernicke’s area?

A

-Cannot understand words that they see or hear
-can speak fluently but:
– recognisable and nonsense words – do not form intelligible speech
-Fluent Aphasia
-Receptive Aphasia

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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