N25-Speech Flashcards
what is phonation?
Generation of sound by vocal folds setting the air particles into vibration
What is resonance and articulation?
modify the sound to produce specific complex speech sounds
when is respiration , its the only time you can speak?
expiration
where is phonation generated?
in larynx
How are voiced sounds produced?
vocal folds vibrate
how are unvoiced (breathed) sounds produced?
- vocal folds do not vibrate
- articulated only e.g. ss, p , ff
what structures/systems involved in phonation?
- respiratory system
- larynx-vocal folds
what structures/systems involved in resonance?
pharynx, oral and nasal cavities
what structures/systems involved in articulation?
lips, tongue, teeth, palate
what supports the vocal ligament?
arytenoid
look at anatomy notes last year
- vocal ligament
- thryoid cartilage
- voaclus
- artenoid
- lateral crcioaryenoid muscle
- transverse arytenoid muscle
- superior pharyngeal constrictor
- posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
what happens when vocal cords are fully open?
air passes through freely -noise is being made as a result of movement of the mouth
what happens to the folds during phonation?
folds brought together
how is phonation initiated?
active closing of the vocal folds
what is phonation followed by?
passive vibration of the folds from expired air
Describe the myoelsatic aerodynamic theory.
- folds close
- air pressure build up from expiration
- pressure opens the folds
- air rushes through
- vocal folds close off due to: elasticity and decrease in pressure (Bernoulli effect)
- air pressure build up from expiration and repeats pressure opens the folds
Describe the Bernoulli effect.
- flow through a narrow constriction
- velocity increases
- drop in pressure
what does the frequency of the fold vibration determine?
the lowest fundamental frequency :
Men fo= 125Hz
women fo = 200Hz
Children fo = 300Hz
what is frequency of fold vibration determined by?
- size of the vocal fold : men (17-24mm), women (13-17mm)
- fold tension: increased tension and frequency -vocalis muscle
- force of expiration
what is resonance?
a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system
what is natural frequency linked to (resonance)?
- shape/volume
- material
what is resonance used for?
- selective amplification
- vowels
how is articulation created?
Interruption of the sound :
- partial
- complete
what are relatively fixed form of principle resonating cavities?
- larynx
- pharynx
what is fixed shape/volume of principle resonating cavities?
nose -but can divert air into or away from them
what principle resonating cavity is subject to much change in volume and shape?
oral- the position of the tongue can change shape of oral cavity
what pathological changes can alter voice sounds?
- nasal blockage
- cleft palate
Describe the creation of vowel sounds.
-usually nasal cavity sealed off by soft palate
-some French vowel sounds have nasal cavity
open
-tongue alters shape of resonating chambers
- shape of lips also has an effect
what is dipthong?
- Greek with 2 sounds
- 2 vowel sounds in rapid succession
how are consonants produced ?
- articulation
- air flow is impeded ( partial or total interruption) by: tongue, teeth and lips
Name the classification of sounds.
- plosive - complete stoppage of air
- nasal- obstructions in mouth but nasal passage open
- fricative- partial stoppage only
- affricative - partial stoppage with rapid release of air
Describe plosive p and b sounds.
-Bilabial
-complete stoppage
in mouth
-nasal passage closed
Describe plosive d and t sounds.
-alveolar
-complete stoppage
in mouth
-closed nasal passage
-lips apart
Describe k and g sounds.
- Palate
- complete stoppage
in mouth - closed nasal passage
-lips apart
Describe nasal m sounds.
-Bilabial
-partial stoppage in
mouth
-escape through open nasal passage
Describe nasal n sounds.
-alveolar
-partial stoppage in
mouth
-escape through open nasal passage
-lips apart
describe the nasal ng sounds.
-Soft palate
-partial stoppage in
mouth
-escape through open nasal passage
-lips apart
describe the fricative f and v sounds.
- LabioQdental
- partial release of air
- closed nasal passage
Describe the fricative th sounds.
- LinguaQdental
- partial release of air
- closed nasal passage
Describe the fricative s and z sounds.
- alveolar
- air passing between narrow space between tongue and anterior palate
- closed nasal passage
Describe the affricative sh, ch, j .
- Greater part of tongue in contact or just out of contact with the hard palate
- partial release of air
- closed nasal passage
Describe the production of lateral consonants.
- l
- air forced to leave the side of the mouth
Describe the production of rolled consonants.
- r
- rapid vibration of the tongue
Describe the production of semi-vowels.
– w, y
– special ways of starting or ending vowels
How does dentistry affect speech.
- Tooth loss - especially anterior
- removable prosthodontics - dentures
- orthodontic - tooth position and appliances
- fixed prosthodontics - bridges and crowns
- Occlusal splints
what are two 2 distinct capabilities of control of language/speech?
- comprehension
- expression
where are areas of brain for speech control?
left hemisphere
Describe what happens if child <2 damages Left side?
CNS plasticity:
- control transferred to the right
- no detriment to language development
Describe Broca’s area.
- left frontal lobe
– close to relevant areas of the motor cortex
– role in actual production of speech
– coordination of breathing and muscles involved in speech process
– controls word formation Q i.e. speaking ability
what is caused by a lesion of brocas area?
- Broca’s aphasia
- Non-fluent aphasia
- Expressive aphasia
- Loss of fluent speech
- understand written / spoken word
- know what to say
- but cannot say it
where is Wernicke’s area?
- located in Left cortex
- at junction between parietal and temporal lobes
What does wernicke’s area receive input from?
-visual cortex • reading comprehension • describing what is seen – auditory cortex • understanding spoken words
what is wernicke’s area important for?
– understanding written + spoken language
– generation of meaningful language
-formulates coherent patterns of speech which are transferred to Brocas area to control motor activity required
what is caused by a lesion of wernicke’s area?
-Cannot understand words that they see or hear
-can speak fluently but:
– recognisable and nonsense words – do not form intelligible speech
-Fluent Aphasia
-Receptive Aphasia
