N25-Speech Flashcards by Emma Williams

what is phonation?

Generation of sound by vocal folds setting the air particles into vibration

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What is resonance and articulation?

modify the sound to produce specific complex speech sounds

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when is respiration , its the only time you can speak?

expiration

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where is phonation generated?

in larynx

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How are voiced sounds produced?

vocal folds vibrate

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how are unvoiced (breathed) sounds produced?

vocal folds do not vibrate

- articulated only e.g. ss, p , ff

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what structures/systems involved in phonation?

respiratory system

- larynx-vocal folds

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what structures/systems involved in resonance?

pharynx, oral and nasal cavities

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what structures/systems involved in articulation?

lips, tongue, teeth, palate

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what supports the vocal ligament?

arytenoid

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look at anatomy notes last year

vocal ligament
thryoid cartilage
voaclus
artenoid
lateral crcioaryenoid muscle
transverse arytenoid muscle
superior pharyngeal constrictor
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

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what happens when vocal cords are fully open?

air passes through freely -noise is being made as a result of movement of the mouth

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what happens to the folds during phonation?

folds brought together

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how is phonation initiated?

active closing of the vocal folds

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what is phonation followed by?

passive vibration of the folds from expired air

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Describe the myoelsatic aerodynamic theory.

folds close
air pressure build up from expiration
pressure opens the folds
air rushes through
vocal folds close off due to: elasticity and decrease in pressure (Bernoulli effect)
air pressure build up from expiration and repeats pressure opens the folds

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Describe the Bernoulli effect.

flow through a narrow constriction
velocity increases
drop in pressure

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what does the frequency of the fold vibration determine?

the lowest fundamental frequency :
Men fo= 125Hz
women fo = 200Hz
Children fo = 300Hz

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what is frequency of fold vibration determined by?

size of the vocal fold : men (17-24mm), women (13-17mm)
fold tension: increased tension and frequency -vocalis muscle
force of expiration

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what is resonance?

a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system

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what is natural frequency linked to (resonance)?

shape/volume

- material

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what is resonance used for?

selective amplification

- vowels

how is articulation created?

Interruption of the sound :

partial
complete

what are relatively fixed form of principle resonating cavities?

larynx

- pharynx

what is fixed shape/volume of principle resonating cavities?

nose -but can divert air into or away from them

what principle resonating cavity is subject to much change in volume and shape?

oral- the position of the tongue can change shape of oral cavity

what pathological changes can alter voice sounds?

- nasal blockage | - cleft palate

Describe the creation of vowel sounds.

-usually nasal cavity sealed off by soft palate -some French vowel sounds have nasal cavity open -tongue alters shape of resonating chambers - shape of lips also has an effect

what is dipthong?

- Greek with 2 sounds | - 2 vowel sounds in rapid succession

how are consonants produced ?

- articulation | - air flow is impeded ( partial or total interruption) by: tongue, teeth and lips

Name the classification of sounds.

- plosive - complete stoppage of air - nasal- obstructions in mouth but nasal passage open - fricative- partial stoppage only - affricative - partial stoppage with rapid release of air

Describe plosive p and b sounds.

-Bilabial -complete stoppage in mouth -nasal passage closed

Describe plosive d and t sounds.

-alveolar -complete stoppage in mouth -closed nasal passage -lips apart

Describe k and g sounds.

- Palate - complete stoppage in mouth - closed nasal passage -lips apart

Describe nasal m sounds.

-Bilabial -partial stoppage in mouth -escape through open nasal passage

Describe nasal n sounds.

-alveolar -partial stoppage in mouth -escape through open nasal passage -lips apart

describe the nasal ng sounds.

-Soft palate -partial stoppage in mouth -escape through open nasal passage -lips apart

describe the fricative f and v sounds.

- LabioQdental - partial release of air - closed nasal passage

Describe the fricative th sounds.

- LinguaQdental - partial release of air - closed nasal passage

Describe the fricative s and z sounds.

- alveolar - air passing between narrow space between tongue and anterior palate - closed nasal passage

Describe the affricative sh, ch, j .

- Greater part of tongue in contact or just out of contact with the hard palate - partial release of air - closed nasal passage

Describe the production of lateral consonants.

- l | - air forced to leave the side of the mouth

Describe the production of rolled consonants.

- r | - rapid vibration of the tongue

Describe the production of semi-vowels.

– w, y | – special ways of starting or ending vowels

How does dentistry affect speech.

- Tooth loss - especially anterior - removable prosthodontics - dentures - orthodontic - tooth position and appliances - fixed prosthodontics - bridges and crowns - Occlusal splints

what are two 2 distinct capabilities of control of language/speech?

- comprehension | - expression

where are areas of brain for speech control?

left hemisphere

Describe what happens if child <2 damages Left side?

CNS plasticity: - control transferred to the right - no detriment to language development

Describe Broca's area.

- left frontal lobe – close to relevant areas of the motor cortex – role in actual production of speech – coordination of breathing and muscles involved in speech process – controls word formation Q i.e. speaking ability

what is caused by a lesion of brocas area?

- Broca’s aphasia - Non-fluent aphasia - Expressive aphasia - Loss of fluent speech - understand written / spoken word - know what to say - but cannot say it

where is Wernicke's area?

- located in Left cortex | - at junction between parietal and temporal lobes

What does wernicke's area receive input from?

``` -visual cortex • reading comprehension • describing what is seen – auditory cortex • understanding spoken words ```

what is wernicke's area important for?

– understanding written + spoken language – generation of meaningful language -formulates coherent patterns of speech which are transferred to Brocas area to control motor activity required

what is caused by a lesion of wernicke's area?

-Cannot understand words that they see or hear -can speak fluently but: – recognisable and nonsense words – do not form intelligible speech -Fluent Aphasia -Receptive Aphasia