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Neuroscience > N18- Auditory and Vestibular systems > Flashcards

N18- Auditory and Vestibular systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the frequencies of the audible range?

A

20Hz to 20kHz

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2
Q

where is the cochlear found?

A

Imbedded deeply in petrous temporal bone

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3
Q

where are organs of hearing and balance found?

A

Inner ear

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4
Q

Name the 3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear.

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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5
Q

what happens when a tuning fork rings next to the ear?

A

Vibrations vibrate tympanic membrane which is transferred to auditory ossciles to the open window

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6
Q

what happens to the vibrations at the open window?

A

concentrated not amplified

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7
Q

what nerve is associated with hearing?

A

CN VIII: cochlear nerve

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8
Q

what material is in each of the external, middle and inner ear and what happens in each of these parts of the ear?

A

External ear: air, collection of sound
Middle ear: bone, concentration of vibrations
Inner ear: fluid, detection (transduction) of sounds

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9
Q

what are the names of the 3 Scala tubes?

A
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala tympani
  • scala media
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10
Q

what fluid is the Scala vestibuli and tympani filled with?

A

Perilymph

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11
Q

what fluid is the Scala media (cochlear duct)?

A

Endolymph

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12
Q

what are the 2 membranes that surrounds the cochlear duct?

A
  • basilar membrane

- Vestibular membrane

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13
Q

what is perilymph fluid similar to and why?

A

mimics ECF- high in sodium, low in pottasium

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14
Q

what is endolymph fluid similar to and why?

A

mimics ICF- low in sodium and high In pottasium

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15
Q

what is the significance of the difference of ion concentrations in endolymph and perilymph?

A

Allows cells between the two different fluids to have a very high resting potential

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16
Q

what membrane gets longer as you go up the spiral in the cochlea?

A

basilar membrane

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17
Q

how do the frequencies change in the cochlea?

A

High frequency as base of cochlea, low frequency sounds at the top of the cochlea

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18
Q

where does the organ of corti sit and what is its function?

A
  • sits in basilar membrane

- changes vibrations to sound

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19
Q

how does the organ of corti change vibrations to sound?

A

Hairs of the organ of corti move against the tectorial membrane after vibrating causing sound which releases neurotransmitter to produce action potentials that allows you to hear

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20
Q

what ganglion is involved in signals travelling to the brainstem via CN VIII?

A

spiral ganglion

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21
Q

why is input above the cochlear nuclei bilateral?

A

Superior to the cochlear nuclei some fibres are crossed and some are not

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22
Q

how do we know if there is NOT a brain stem lesion?

A

loss of hearing in one ear

23
Q

For fibres that cross, where do they ascend and where do they synapse?

A
  • ascend in lateral meniscus

- synpase in inferior colliculus

24
Q

what is the superior olivary nucleus (and nucleus of the lateral lemniscus ) important in?

A

sound localization and also acts as relay for stapedial and tensor tympani reflexes

25
Q

what are the 2 cochlear nuclei?

A

ventral and dorsal

26
Q

what is lemniscus?

A

band of white matter

27
Q

Describe the tonotopic organisation of the auditory cortex?

A
  • Fibres carrying information regarding low frequency sound end in the anterolateral part of the auditory cortex
  • Fibres carrying information regarding high frequency sound end in the posteromedial part of the auditory cortex
28
Q

what is a results of broca’s area?

A

Patient’s have difficulty in producing language, often using few words and only saying the most important words in a sentence. They do not usually have difficulty comprehending language
-motor or expressive aphasia

29
Q

what is the result of damage to Wernicke’s area?

A

Patient’s have difficulty comprehending language. These patients can manifest defects ranging from words out of order to meaningless words
- sensory or receptive aphasia

30
Q

In the vestibular system, what does maintenance of equilibrium use information from?

A
  • vision
  • proprioception
  • the vestibular apparatus (labyrinth)
31
Q

what do nerve cell bodies sit as in the vestibular system?

A

Nerve cell bodies sit as swellings in vestibular portion

32
Q

How many semicircular canals are found in the inner ear?

A

3

33
Q

what does detecting position and motion depend on?

A

receptive hair cells

34
Q

where are receptive hair cells found that detect head position?

A

utricle and saccule

35
Q

where are receptive hair cells found that detect movement?

A

semicircular canals

36
Q

what is the swelling called that is found in each semicircular canal?

A

ampulla

37
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

sensory organ called the crista ampullaris

38
Q

what does the ampulla consist of?

A

. It consists of a core of connective tissue bulging into the luman with a covering of epithelium containing hair cells with stereocilia. The stereocilia are embedded in a dome of gelatinous material called the cupola

39
Q

what happens when the head turns?

A

The movement of the fluid bows the cupola, and this in turn bends the stereocilia. This changes the amount of transmitter released by these cells. They have a resting output, so bending them one way increases output, while bending them the other way decreases it

40
Q

what are the utricle and saccule lined with?

A

lined by simple cuboidal epithelium everywhere except a small patch of sensory epithelium in each called the macula

41
Q

what is the otoconia?

A

The stereocilia of the hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous layer which in turn has crystals of calcium carbonate and protein

42
Q

what makes up the vestibular apparatus ?

A

two swellins- utricle and saccule - in the vestibule

43
Q

how is head movement sensed?

A

Straight-line acceleration of the head produces relevant movement in the otoconia/gelatinous mass and bends the stereocilia

44
Q

how is information about the position of the head when it is static sensed?

A

the otoconia are denser than the endolymph fluid around them, they are affected by gravity

45
Q

where does the CN VIII enter the brain?

A

pontomedullary border

46
Q

which if the vestibular and cochlear nuclei is larger?

A

Vestibular nuclei is much bigger than the cochlear nucleus

47
Q

where is most of the vestibular nuclei found?

A

medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncle

48
Q

what cranial nerves have a huge vestibular input?

A

CN III, IV, VI

49
Q

how does the vestibular ganglion project down the spina cord?

A

as vestibulospinal tract

50
Q

where is the termination of lateral vestibulospinal pathway ?

A

mostly to extensor “anti-gravity” muscles

51
Q

where Is the termination of the medial vestibulospinal pathway?

A

Principally: neck, sternocleidomastoid , trapezius

52
Q

what does the medial vestibulospinal tract innervate?

A

Medial VST innervates upper spinal cord and motor neurons to spinal accessory nerve to promote movement of head to help maintain balance and fixation of gaze

53
Q

what areas of the cortex have vestibular information been found to converge?

A
  • An area of the parietal cortex just posterior to the area of the postcentral gyrus that represents the hand and mouth.
  • An area just rostral to the primary auditory cortex

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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