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Neuroscience > 1- Cell biology of the nervous system > Flashcards

1- Cell biology of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

System of individual cells that communicate

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2
Q

What is the common pathway for the nervous system?

A
  • Information collected from the environment (PNS)
  • sensory neurones take information to the CNS to be processed
  • Motor neurons sends information to create response from the muscle/glands
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3
Q

what are the building blocks of the nervous system and what are their functions?

A
  • Neurons

- Important functioning units which allow communication between separate cells that communicate by secretion

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4
Q

what cell is a neurone similar to?

A

A neurone is an elongated secretory cell that can communicate at both ends of the cell

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5
Q

What effects the amount of communication a neurone makes?

A

The number of dendrites

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6
Q

What makes up a neurone?

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body
  • axon
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7
Q

what does the nerve cell body contain?

A

Contains rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and ribosomes to create proteins and membrane.
Creates cell processes and vesicles

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8
Q

What are the 3 neurone types and how are they classified?

A
  • Classified according to the number of processes
  • Unipolar or pseudounipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Multipolar
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9
Q

Describe the structure of a unipolar neurone.

A

A single process but no dendrites

• If a single dendrite and the axon fuse during development = pseudounipolar (now often called unipolar)

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a bipolar neurone.

A
  • an axon and one dendrite

- often special senses (ear, eye,nose)

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the multipolar neurone.

A
  • many dendrites and one axon

- most common neurone

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12
Q

What are synapses?

A

Specialised intercellular gaps

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13
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Numerous boutons (synaptic knobs) from presynaptic neurons may terminate on a motor neuron and its dendrites

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14
Q

Where is the site of chemical neurotransmitter release?

A

Axon end bulb

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15
Q

what structure provides vesicular transport for a synapse?

A

Microtubules

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16
Q

What provides energy for synaptic movement?

A

mitochondria

17
Q

How do synapse vesicles release their content?

A

exocytosis

18
Q

Describe exocytosis of synapse vesicle.

A

Vesicle docks with the pre synaptic membrane by a tether and releases neurotransmitter into the synapse
- the membrane of vesicle is added to presynpatic membrane as it no longer holds its contents

19
Q

What are the 2 ways of recovering a ‘fused’ membrane?

A
  • membrane recycling

- conserve vesicles and their membranes

20
Q

Describe membrane recycling?

A

Clathrin baskets recover membrane in endocytic vesicles

21
Q

Describe conserving vesicles and their membranes.

A

Rather than releasing full contents of the vesicle, it releases less products and moves back into the cell

22
Q

What are the functions of the dendrite?

A

The dendrite tree and dendrite spines roll is the reception of signals

23
Q

What happens if a dendrite is under repeated stimulation?

A

Modification of dendritic spines (long term potentiation)

24
Q

What is the support cell (glial cell) in the PNS and what is its function?

A

Schwann cells – myelination, trophic support, contribute to growth and repair

25
Q

What is the support cell (glial cell) in the CNS and what is it function?

A

Oligodendrocytes -wrap a myelin sheath around axons

26
Q

Describe the features of myelination.

A
  • Facilitate conduction of impulses using insulating coat

- Myelin sheath is discontinuous – periodic gaps

27
Q

What is the difference between PNS and CNS myelination?

A

In PNS, one Schwann cell builds one internode whereas in the CNS, one oligodendrocyte builds a number of internodes

28
Q

What is the function of astrocytes (support cell)?

A
  • structural isolation of neurons, metabolic and mechanical support (CNS scar tissue)
  • Endfoot processes help transfer important metabolites from blood to neurons at blood brain barrier
29
Q

What is the function of a satellite cell (support cell)?

A

play a similar role to astrocytes but for the PNS

30
Q

What is the function of a activated T-lymphocyte (support cell)?

A

enter CNS for immune surveillance

31
Q

What is the function of a microglia/macrophage (support cell)?

A

scavenger cells for phagocytosis, inflammatory

responses

32
Q

What is the function of a perivascular cell (support cell)?

A

similar to microglial function but near blood vessels

33
Q

What is the function of a ependymal cell (support cell)?

A

line cavities (CSF secretion in brain ventricles)

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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