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Neuroscience > N15- Anatomy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum, and Control of Movement > Flashcards

N15- Anatomy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum, and Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

how do the basal ganglia and cerebellum operate?

A

Operate using feedback loops via thalamus

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2
Q

What is the difference between the function of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia and cerebellum?

A
  • Cerebral cortex- what is to be done

- basal ganglia and cerebellum- how it is to be done(quality and organisation of movement)

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3
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  • to facilitate purposeful movement
  • inhibit unwanted movements
  • role in posture and muscle tone
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4
Q

What does basal ganglia do?

A

-Receive and process information from
cerebral cortex
-Feedback processed information to cortex
via the thalamus

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5
Q

Is the basal ganglia connected to the spinal cord?

A

No direct spinal cord connections.

Can only influence movement via cortex

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6
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

A number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere

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7
Q

Name the 5 basal ganglia.

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • Globus pallidus
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
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8
Q

What basal ganglia make up the striatum?

A
  • Caudate nucleus

- putamen

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9
Q

What basal ganglia make up the lenticular nucleus?

A
  • putamen

- Globus pallidus

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10
Q

What basal ganglia makes up the corpus striatum?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • Globus pallidus
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11
Q

In a coronal brain slice, what is the location of the putamen, Globus pallidus , internal capsule and thalamus from lateral to medial?

A

Putamen> Globus Pallidus>internal capsule> thalamus

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12
Q

what does the substantial nigra look like in an axial section through the midbrain and why?

A

darkly stained substantia nigra (two black lines)

-black pigment as they make dopamine

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13
Q

what are the 2 pathways of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Direct pathway

- indirect pathway

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14
Q

How Do the Basal Ganglia Work With the Motor Cortex to Enhance Normal Movement?

A

Direct Pathway: Enhances outflow of thalamus, enhancing the desired movement:

  • Pyramidal neurones under voluntary control issue command to move
  • Endpoint of feedback loop: stimulates cortex to enhance the desired movement
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15
Q

What action does dopamine neurone have in the direct and indirect pathways?

A

Dopamine stimulates putamen in the direct pathway but acts as inhibitory neurotransmitter in indirect pathway

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16
Q

How Do the Basal Ganglia Work With the Motor Cortex to Supress Unwanted Movement?

A

-inhibits outflow of thalamus

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17
Q

what do unilateral lesions of the basal affect?

A

the contralateral side of the body

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18
Q

What do lesions of the basal ganglia not cause?

A

paralysis, sensory loss, loss of power, or ataxia

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19
Q

what do lesions of the basal ganglia cause?

A

1) Changes in muscle tone
2) Dyskinesias (abnormal, involuntary movements) including:
- tremor (sinusoidal movements),
- chorea (rapid, asymmetrical movements usually affecting distal limb musculature)
- myoclonus (muscle jerks)

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20
Q

What pathology cause Parkinson’s disease?

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

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21
Q

Name features of Parkinson’s disease.

A
  • Resting tremor
  • Rigidity - increased resistance to passive movement
  • Paucity of movement
  • Difficulty in initiating movement, small shuffling steps, no arm-swing
  • Depression
  • Impaired cognitive function
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22
Q

What is the pathology of Huntington’s disease?

A

progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

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23
Q

what are the signs of Huntington’s disease?

A

chorea and progressive dementia

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24
Q

where does the sub thalamic nucleus sit?

A

Below the thalamus

25
Q

what is the second (unconscious) motor control centre?

A

cerebellum

26
Q

The cerebellums connections are related to what?

A

function

27
Q

where does the cerebellum sit in relation to the cerebral hemispheres?

A

posterior and inferior

28
Q

what are the gyrus named in the cerebellum?

A

folia

29
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior lobe
  • Flocculonodular lobe
30
Q

what is superior to the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

31
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

3 stalks termed Peduncles

32
Q

Name the 3 peduncles.

A

Middle,
superior
inferior

33
Q

what do the peduncles carry?

A

different tracts and information into cerebellum

34
Q

where does the vermis sit if the cerebellum is flattened out?

A

down the middle

35
Q

what is the small region of grey matter in the core of white matter in the cerebellum?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

36
Q

what does the pontocerebellum consist of?

A

cerebellar hemispheres

37
Q

what is the main function of the pontocerebellum?

A

fine muscle coordination (mainly limbs)

38
Q

where does the pontocerebellum receive input from?

A

Pontine nuclei, which in turn receive fibres from the cerebral cortex

39
Q

where does the pontocerebellum project to?

A

Thalamic area (VL) (that in turn projects to the motor cortex)

40
Q

what is pontocerebellum related to?

A

the cerebellum listening to the cortex

41
Q

what is the spinocerebellum related to?

A

the cerebellum listening to the spinal cord

42
Q

where does the spinocerebellum exist?

A

lateral margins of the spinal cord

43
Q

what does the spinocerebellum consist off?

A

the vermis

44
Q

what is the main function of the spinocerebellum?

A

posture and muscle tone

45
Q

where does the spinocerebellum receive its main input from?

A

Spinocerebellar tracts carrying proprioception, touch and pressure information

46
Q

where does the spinocerebellum project to?

A

Via DCN to the Thalamus and brainstem to influence corticospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal and vestibulospinal output

47
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellum related to?

A

the cerebellum listening to the vestibular system

48
Q

what does the vestibulocerebellum consist of?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

49
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellums main function?

A

maintaining balance

50
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum receive input from?

A

vestibular nuclei

51
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum project to?

A

Vestibular nuclei and from there influences the spinal cord via vestibulospinal tracts

52
Q

what do cerebellar hemispheres influence?

A

ipsilateral side of the body

53
Q

what is caused by lesions in the cerebellar hemispheres?

A

lead to ipsilateral signs and symptoms (contrast with lesions of motor or sensory cortex)

54
Q

what does a unilateral hemispheric lesion cause ?

A

Disturbance of coordination in limbs. Can result in intention tremor and unsteady gait in the absence of weakness or sensory loss

55
Q

what does a midline lesion cause?

A

Disturbance of postural control. Patient will tend to fall over when standing or sitting despite preserved limb coordination

56
Q

what does bilateral cerebellar dysfunction result in?

A

slowed, slurred speech (dysarthria), bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering, wide based gait (cerebellar ataxia)

57
Q

what does acute alcohol exposure result in?

A

bilateral cerebellar hemisphere dysfunction and presents with cerebellar ataxia

58
Q

Summarise the roles of the cerebellum.

A

-Regulates quality of movement

-Plans, coordinates fine skilled movement
Store learned motor progammes. Activity precedes movement

-The spinal cerebellum monitors movement via spinal input and compares cortical intentions with the results.

-Integrates balance information and coordinates muscle activation
responsible for equilibration

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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