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Neuroscience > N15- Anatomy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum, and Control of Movement > Flashcards

N15- Anatomy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum, and Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

how do the basal ganglia and cerebellum operate?

A

Operate using feedback loops via thalamus

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2
Q

What is the difference between the function of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia and cerebellum?

A
  • Cerebral cortex- what is to be done

- basal ganglia and cerebellum- how it is to be done(quality and organisation of movement)

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3
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  • to facilitate purposeful movement
  • inhibit unwanted movements
  • role in posture and muscle tone
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4
Q

What does basal ganglia do?

A

-Receive and process information from
cerebral cortex
-Feedback processed information to cortex
via the thalamus

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5
Q

Is the basal ganglia connected to the spinal cord?

A

No direct spinal cord connections.

Can only influence movement via cortex

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6
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

A number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere

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7
Q

Name the 5 basal ganglia.

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • Globus pallidus
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
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8
Q

What basal ganglia make up the striatum?

A
  • Caudate nucleus

- putamen

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9
Q

What basal ganglia make up the lenticular nucleus?

A
  • putamen

- Globus pallidus

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10
Q

What basal ganglia makes up the corpus striatum?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • Globus pallidus
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11
Q

In a coronal brain slice, what is the location of the putamen, Globus pallidus , internal capsule and thalamus from lateral to medial?

A

Putamen> Globus Pallidus>internal capsule> thalamus

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12
Q

what does the substantial nigra look like in an axial section through the midbrain and why?

A

darkly stained substantia nigra (two black lines)

-black pigment as they make dopamine

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13
Q

what are the 2 pathways of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Direct pathway

- indirect pathway

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14
Q

How Do the Basal Ganglia Work With the Motor Cortex to Enhance Normal Movement?

A

Direct Pathway: Enhances outflow of thalamus, enhancing the desired movement:

  • Pyramidal neurones under voluntary control issue command to move
  • Endpoint of feedback loop: stimulates cortex to enhance the desired movement
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15
Q

What action does dopamine neurone have in the direct and indirect pathways?

A

Dopamine stimulates putamen in the direct pathway but acts as inhibitory neurotransmitter in indirect pathway

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16
Q

How Do the Basal Ganglia Work With the Motor Cortex to Supress Unwanted Movement?

A

-inhibits outflow of thalamus

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17
Q

what do unilateral lesions of the basal affect?

A

the contralateral side of the body

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18
Q

What do lesions of the basal ganglia not cause?

A

paralysis, sensory loss, loss of power, or ataxia

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19
Q

what do lesions of the basal ganglia cause?

A

1) Changes in muscle tone
2) Dyskinesias (abnormal, involuntary movements) including:
- tremor (sinusoidal movements),
- chorea (rapid, asymmetrical movements usually affecting distal limb musculature)
- myoclonus (muscle jerks)

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20
Q

What pathology cause Parkinson’s disease?

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

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21
Q

Name features of Parkinson’s disease.

A
  • Resting tremor
  • Rigidity - increased resistance to passive movement
  • Paucity of movement
  • Difficulty in initiating movement, small shuffling steps, no arm-swing
  • Depression
  • Impaired cognitive function
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22
Q

What is the pathology of Huntington’s disease?

A

progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

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23
Q

what are the signs of Huntington’s disease?

A

chorea and progressive dementia

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24
Q

where does the sub thalamic nucleus sit?

A

Below the thalamus

25
what is the second (unconscious) motor control centre?
cerebellum
26
The cerebellums connections are related to what?
function
27
where does the cerebellum sit in relation to the cerebral hemispheres?
posterior and inferior
28
what are the gyrus named in the cerebellum?
folia
29
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
- Anterior lobe - Posterior lobe - Flocculonodular lobe
30
what is superior to the cerebellum?
Tentorium Cerebelli
31
How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?
3 stalks termed Peduncles
32
Name the 3 peduncles.
Middle, superior inferior
33
what do the peduncles carry?
different tracts and information into cerebellum
34
where does the vermis sit if the cerebellum is flattened out?
down the middle
35
what is the small region of grey matter in the core of white matter in the cerebellum?
deep cerebellar nuclei
36
what does the pontocerebellum consist of?
cerebellar hemispheres
37
what is the main function of the pontocerebellum?
fine muscle coordination (mainly limbs)
38
where does the pontocerebellum receive input from?
Pontine nuclei, which in turn receive fibres from the cerebral cortex
39
where does the pontocerebellum project to?
Thalamic area (VL) (that in turn projects to the motor cortex)
40
what is pontocerebellum related to?
the cerebellum listening to the cortex
41
what is the spinocerebellum related to?
the cerebellum listening to the spinal cord
42
where does the spinocerebellum exist?
lateral margins of the spinal cord
43
what does the spinocerebellum consist off?
the vermis
44
what is the main function of the spinocerebellum?
posture and muscle tone
45
where does the spinocerebellum receive its main input from?
Spinocerebellar tracts carrying proprioception, touch and pressure information
46
where does the spinocerebellum project to?
Via DCN to the Thalamus and brainstem to influence corticospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal and vestibulospinal output
47
what is the vestibulocerebellum related to?
the cerebellum listening to the vestibular system
48
what does the vestibulocerebellum consist of?
Flocculonodular lobe
49
what is the vestibulocerebellums main function?
maintaining balance
50
where does the vestibulocerebellum receive input from?
vestibular nuclei
51
where does the vestibulocerebellum project to?
Vestibular nuclei and from there influences the spinal cord via vestibulospinal tracts
52
what do cerebellar hemispheres influence?
ipsilateral side of the body
53
what is caused by lesions in the cerebellar hemispheres?
lead to ipsilateral signs and symptoms (contrast with lesions of motor or sensory cortex)
54
what does a unilateral hemispheric lesion cause ?
Disturbance of coordination in limbs. Can result in intention tremor and unsteady gait in the absence of weakness or sensory loss
55
what does a midline lesion cause?
Disturbance of postural control. Patient will tend to fall over when standing or sitting despite preserved limb coordination
56
what does bilateral cerebellar dysfunction result in?
slowed, slurred speech (dysarthria), bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering, wide based gait (cerebellar ataxia)
57
what does acute alcohol exposure result in?
bilateral cerebellar hemisphere dysfunction and presents with cerebellar ataxia
58
Summarise the roles of the cerebellum.
-Regulates quality of movement -Plans, coordinates fine skilled movement Store learned motor progammes. Activity precedes movement -The spinal cerebellum monitors movement via spinal input and compares cortical intentions with the results. -Integrates balance information and coordinates muscle activation responsible for equilibration

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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