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Neuroscience > N4 + N5- Nervous system introduction and spinal cord > Flashcards

N4 + N5- Nervous system introduction and spinal cord Flashcards

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1
Q

What nerves make up the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves

- 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their branches

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2
Q

what are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain at 4 weeks?

A
  • Prosencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
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3
Q

How are the secondary vesicles formed at 6-8 weeks?

A

Prosencephalon and rhombencephalon divides into 2 swellings and mesencephalon remains the same

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4
Q

What are the 5 secondary vesicles?

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Mylencephalon
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5
Q

What major derivative of the mature brain does telencephalon form?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

What major derivative of the mature brain does diencephalon form?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus

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7
Q

What major derivative of the mature brain does mesencephalon form?

A

Midbrain

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8
Q

What major derivative of the mature brain does metencephalon form?

A

Pons, cerebellum

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9
Q

What major derivative of the mature brain does Myelencephalon form?

A

Medulla oblongata

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10
Q

What structures make ups the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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11
Q

What matter is the brain made up of?

A
  • Grey matter

- white matter

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12
Q

what is grey matter made of and where is most of this matter located?

A
  • Huge numbers of neurons, cell processes, synapses and support cells
  • outside edge of brain
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13
Q

what is white matter made of and where is most of this matter located?

A
  • Axons (most myelinated) and their support cells

- deep to grey matter

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14
Q

What is an exaggerated sulcus?

A

fissure

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15
Q

What grey matter structures are located deep in the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • Caudate nucleus (associated with the ventricles)
  • Thalamus (sits on the midline)
  • Putamen
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16
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

The main white matter fibre tract between the spinal cord and the cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

Where does the central sulcus run?

A

Runs superior to inferior and from posterior to anterior

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18
Q

What gyrus sits anterior to the general sulcus?

A

Precentral gyrus

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19
Q

what gyrus sits posterior to the general sulcus?

A

postcentral gyrus

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20
Q

What sulcus/fissure forms the temporal lobe?

A

lateral sulcus or fissure

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21
Q

what fissure slices the brain in half on the coronal plane?

A

longitudinal fissure

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22
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

The biggest white matter tract which provides communication between the left and right hemisphere

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23
Q

What is the name of the primary visual cortex?

A

calcarine sulcus

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24
Q

What sulcus splits the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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25
Q

What gyrus and sulcus are superior to the corpus callosum ?

A

cingulate

26
Q

What is the name of the place where the two sides of the thalamus adhere?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

27
Q

What are the boundaries of the frontal lobe?

A
  • large lobe anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus
  • lobe anterior to a line drawn from the central sulcus down to the corpus callosum (medial)
28
Q

What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe?

A
  • posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus (and a backward extension of it), and anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch
  • posterior to the frontal lobe and anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus (medial)
29
Q

What are the boundaries of the occipital lobe?

A

-posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch

30
Q

What are the boundaries of the temporal lobe?

A
  • inferior to the lateral sulcus (and a line extending the lateral sulcus posteriorly) and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the preoccipital notch
  • the temporal lobe extends from the temporal pole, to a line drawn between the preoccipital notch and the anterior end of the calcarine sulcus (medially)
31
Q

What is the name and where is the extra lobe/ ‘fifth lobe”?

A
  • insula

- hurried in lateral fissure (to see it, cut away the temporal, frontal and parietal opercula )

32
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
33
Q

Describe dura mater.

A

outer tough layer of connective tissue

34
Q

Describe arachnoid mater.

A

relatively thin layer that is usually apposed to the dura mater. Thin, wispy cords of connective tissue connect this layer to the pia

35
Q

Describe the Pia mater.

A

very thin inner layer that is apposed to the surface of the brain. A layer of pia mater accompanies arteries penetrating into the brain. Pia mater follows there gyrus and sulcus

36
Q

what are the two dural folds?

A
  • Falx cerebri ( invagination of dura mater down hemispheres of brain)
  • tentorium cerebelli (separates supra-tentorium space and and the sub-tentroium space)
37
Q

what do dural folds form when they meet bone?

A

venous sinuses

38
Q

what secretes cerebrospinal-spinal fluid?

A

secreted by specialised cells within the ventricular system of the brain

39
Q

where does CSF circulate?

A

around the brain AND spinal cord from the 4 ventricles to the subarachnoid space

40
Q

what reabsorbs CSF into the dural venous sinuses?

A

arachnoid granulations

41
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus in ventricles

42
Q

What is the structure of the choroid plexus?

A

Core of the choroid plexus is blood vessels and it is enclosed in a choroid epithelium

43
Q

How do the lateral ventricles connect to the 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen

44
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct (thin canal)

45
Q

Where does the CSF flow from the 4th ventricle?

A

Most flows into subarachnoid space and some flows into the central canal

46
Q

What are cisterns?

A

in some areas the arachnoid departs substantially from the pia, leaving a relatively large space filled with CSF

47
Q

Where can you insert a needle without damaging the spinal cord?

A

below L2

48
Q

What are the main arteries that supply blood to the brain?

A
  • right and left internal carotid arteries

- vertebral arteries

49
Q

what forms from the vertebral and internal carotid arteries?

A

circle of willis

50
Q

what makes up the circle of willis?

A
  • posterior cerebral
  • posterior communications
  • middle cerebral
  • internal carotid
  • anterior cerebral
  • anterior communicating
51
Q

what artery moves in the lateral fissure?

A

medial cerebral

52
Q

what does the branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

The frontal lobe and most of the parietal lobes

53
Q

what does the branches of the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

lateral areas of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes

54
Q

what does the branches of the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

mostly thalamus?

55
Q

What is the blood supply to the cerebellum?

A 
From vertebral arteries:
-Posterior Inferior Cerebellar artery
From basilar artery:
-Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
-Superior Cerebellar Artery
56
Q

What is the blood supply to the brainstem?

A

-Midbrain: branches from the termination of the basilar artery and initial segment of the posterior cerebral artery.
Pons: Pontine arteries (paramedian and circumferential)
Medulla: branches from anterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery

57
Q

what is the venous sinuses drainage in the brain?

A

Superior saggital sinus> confluence of the sinus> tranverse sinus > sigmoid sinus

58
Q

where eventually does the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

internal jugular vein

59
Q

What is the venous drainage of the deep brain and inferior surface?

A

series of veins that largely empty into the great cerebral vein and then the straight sinus

60
Q

where does the great cerebral vein and terminal part of internal cerebral vein travel in?

A

transvers fissure

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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