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Neuroscience > N26- Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

N26- Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what can the entire nervous system be divided into?

A
  • CNS

- PNS

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2
Q

what are the 2 components of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • central

- peripheral

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3
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • enteric
  • sympathetic divison
  • parasympathetic divison
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4
Q

what is the overall functions of the ANS?

A

The motor autonomic nervous system (ANS) mediates output from the CNS to the whole of the body, with the exception of skeletal (voluntary) muscle

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5
Q

what is output of the ANS modulated by?

A

external and internal sensory input, often via reflexes involving negative feedback loops within PNS and the CNS

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6
Q

what does the ANS regulate?

A

functions essential to human health and life that do not require conscious effort (e.g. whilst asleep) and that are largely involuntary

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7
Q

Name some of these function that do not require conscious effort.

A
  • contraction and relaxation of vascular and visceral smooth muscle
  • the heartbeat (including rate and force)
  • all exocrine and certain endocrine secretions
  • aspects of metabolism (particularly in liver and skeletal muscle)
  • modulation of the processes of the immune system
  • is subdivided anatomically into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (and, debatably, the enteric nervous system also)
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8
Q

What is an example of a function with a degree of conscious influence?

A

training allows a degree of conscious influence over the execution of some ANS reflexes i.e urination

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9
Q

what is the motor (efferent) component comprised of?

A

two neurone in series: preganglionic and postganglionic fibres

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10
Q

where is the autonomic ganglionic located?

A

outside CNS

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11
Q

what happens between the preganglionic neurone and the autonomic ganglion?

A

chemical synaptic transmission in the ganglia

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12
Q

what happens between the postganglionic neurone and the effector cells?

A

Chemical transmission at the neuroeffector junction

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13
Q

how do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS work ?

A

simultaneously in a reciprocal and complementary manner maintaining homeostasis

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14
Q

what is the role of the sympathetic ANS?

A

orchestrates the stress response and energy consumption associated with ‘fight or flight’ reactions, but also has very important ongoing activity

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15
Q

what is the role of the parasympathetic ANS?

A

regulates many functions, some of which are restorative and energy conserving ‘rest and digest’

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16
Q

what is the transmitter of the preganglionic neurones in sympathetic and parasympathetic system?

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

what does the acytelcholine act via?

A

excitatory nicotinic cholinoceptors

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18
Q

what is the classical transmitter of the postganglionic neurone in the sympathetic system?

A

noradrenaline

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19
Q

what is the classical transmitter of the postganglionic neurone in the parasympathetic system?

A

acetylcholine

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20
Q

what is the outflow of the sympathetic division?

A

thoracolumbar outflow from spinal cord (T1-L2/3)

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21
Q

what is the outflow of the parasympathetic division?

A

craniosacral outflow from brainstem and spinal cord

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22
Q

what receptors are in the effecter cells of the sympathetic division?

A

adrenoreceptors

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23
Q

what receptors are in the effecter cells of the parasympathetic division?

A

cholinoceptors

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24
Q

where do the sympathetic preganglionic neurones synapses with postganglionic neurone? (2)

A

-paravertrebal ganglia (close to spinal cord)
OR
-prevertebral ganglia ( distance from spinal cord)

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25
Q

what is the length of axons fibres in sympathetic system from preganglionic to postganglionic neurones?

A

typically short

26
Q

what is the length of axons fibres in sympathetic system from postganglionic neurones to effector cells in organs distant to the sympathetic ganglia?

A

generally long

27
Q

where do sympathetic preganglionic fibres branch to?

A

to synapse with many postganglionic neurones located in one, or several, pre- or para-vertebral ganglia

28
Q

where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurones synapse with postganglionic neurones?

A

terminal ganglia -distant to the CNS and often located in the walls of the target organ

29
Q

what is the length of parasympathetic postganglionic neurones ?

A

short

30
Q

which of the neurones are myelinated?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic

31
Q

what appearance are the myelinated preganglionic fibres?

A

white

32
Q

which of the neurones are unmyelinated?

A

postganglionic fibres

33
Q

what appearance are the unmyelinated postganglioic fibres?

A

grey and termed motor C-fibres

34
Q

what regulates sympathetic outflow?

A

higher centres in the brainstem

35
Q

what gland innervation does not follow the rule and why?

A
  • adrenal gland

- innervation is pre ganglionic and the transmitter is ACh and not NA

36
Q

what does the adrenal gland release as hormones?

A

adrenaline and NA

37
Q

what cranial nerves have a parasympathetic outflow?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X

38
Q

where is parasympathetic usually?

A

in the target organs (discrete ganglia in head and neck and some plexuses in the pelvis)

39
Q

Describe the chemical transmission in the sympathetic division.

A
  • action potential originates in the CNS
  • travels to the presynaptic terminal of the preganglionic neurone triggering Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated, calcium selective, ion channels and the release of ACh by exocytosis
  • ACh binds to and opens ligand-gated ion channels (nicotinic ACh receptors) in the postganglionic neurone, causing depolarization and the initiation of action potentials that propagate to the presynaptic terminal of the neurone, triggering Ca2+ entry and the release, usually, of noradrenaline
  • noradrenaline activates G-protein-coupled adrenoceptors in the effector cell membrane to cause a cellular response via ion channels/enzymes
40
Q

Describe the chemical transmission in the parasympathetic division.

A
  • The process is very similar to that described for the sympathetic division, with the important exceptions that
  • ACh is always the classical transmitter used by postganglionic neurones
  • ACh activates G-protein- coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the effector cell membrane to cause a cellular response via ion channels/ enzymes
41
Q

what is it when a transmitter is neither NA, nor ACh?

A

non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission

42
Q

what are the common NANC substances?

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) from sympathetic fibres
  • nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from parasympathetic
43
Q

what transmitters produce a rapid response?

A

Sympathetic - ATP

Parasympathetic - ACh

44
Q

what transmitters produce an intermediate response?

A

sympathetic- NA

parasympathetic - NO

45
Q

what transmitter produce a slow response?

A

sympathetic - NPY

parasympathetic - VIP

46
Q

Describe electrical stimulation of postganglionic sympathetic fibre to vessel (tension of vascular smooth muscle/time).

A
  1. ATP produces a fast contraction of the smooth muscle
  2. Noradrenaline produces a moderately fast response
  3. Neuropeptide Y produces a slow response
47
Q

Describe electrical stimulation of postganglionic parasympathetic fibre to vessel (tension of vascular smooth muscle/time).

A
  1. Acetylcholine and nitric oxide produce a rapid relaxation

2. Vasoactive intestinal peptide can produce a slow, delayed response

48
Q

what is ACh an endogenous agonist of?

A

cholinoceptors that are nicotinic, or muscarinic

49
Q

what are nicotinic Ash receptors of the ganglia?

A
  • Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs), selectively activated by the plant alkaloid, nicotine
  • Structurally and pharmacologically distinct from nicotinic receptors at the skeletal neuromuscular junction, or in the CNS
50
Q

what are muscarinic ACh receptors of the effector cells?

A
  • G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), selectively activated by the plant alkaloid, muscarine
  • Structurally and pharmacologically defined as five subtypes: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 that are differentially expressed across tissues/organs, M1-3 being most important in the ANS
51
Q

what are NA and adrenaline (A) endogenous agonists of?

A

family of adrenoreceptors that are all GPCRs

52
Q

how are these adrenorecptors classified?

A

originally on the basis of the rank order of potency of agonists, as α-, or β-adrenoceptors

53
Q

what are subclasses of adrenoreceptors , with differing tissue locations characterised ?

A

characterised structurally and pharmacologically as α1, α2, β1, β2 and β3, all of which are selectively targeted by current therapeutic agents

54
Q

what affect does stimulation of S and P have on the heart?

A

S-Increases heart rate (β1)
Increases force of contraction in atria and ventricles (β1)
P-Decreases heart rate (M2) and force (M2) in atria

55
Q

what affect does stimulation of S and P have on the lungs?

A

S-Relaxes bronchi (β2)
Decreases mucus production (β2) (decreases airway resistance)
P-Constricts bronchi (M3)
Stimulates mucus production (M3) (increase airway resistance)

56
Q

what affect does stimulation of S and P have on the intestines?

A 
S-Reduces intestinal motility (α1, α2, β2)
Constricts sphincters (α1, α2, β2)
P-Increases intestinal motility and secretions (M3)
Relaxes sphincters (NO, M3)
57
Q

what affect does stimulation of S and P have on vasculature ?

A

S-Constricts vasculature in most locations (α1), but relaxes in skeletal muscle (β2)
P-Largely no effect, but relaxes vasculature in a few locations (e.g. penis, salivary glands, pancreas (NO, M3)

58
Q

what affect does stimulation of S and P have on the adrenal gland?

A

S-Release of adrenaline from adrenal medulla (nicotinic AChR)
P-No effect

59
Q

what affect does stimulation of S and P have on the bladder?

A

S-Relaxes wall (detrusor) of bladder (β2/β3), constricts internal urethral sphincter (α1)
P-Contracts wall of bladder (M3), relaxes internal urethral sphincter (NO)

60
Q

what affect does stimulation of S and P have on the penis?

A

S- ejaculation (α1)

P- erection (NO, M3)

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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