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Neuroscience > N28- ANS Orofacial > Flashcards

N28- ANS Orofacial Flashcards

1
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

body system except skeletal muscle

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2
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

Essentially involuntary functions:
– Smooth muscle control – e.g. blood vessels
– Cardiac control – e.g. heart rate
– Glandular secretion

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3
Q

what aspects of autonomic nervous system can be trained?

A

urination

defecation

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4
Q

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic devisions work?

A

OFTEN work in an opposing fashion to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

what does parasympathetic coordinate?

A

coordinates the body’s basic homeostatic functions

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6
Q

what does sympathetic coordinate?

A

coordinates the body’s response to stress, associated

with fight, flight and fright reactions

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7
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS

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8
Q

what is a nucleus?

A

collection of nerve cell bodies located in the CNS

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9
Q

what is the position of the ganglion and the length of ganglionic fibres in the sympathetic pathways?

A

ganglion near the CNS so the pre ganglionic fibre is very short and post ganglion is long

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10
Q

what is the position of the ganglion and the length of ganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic pathways?

A

ganglion far away from the CNS so there is a long pre ganglionic fibre and a short postganglionic fibre

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11
Q

what transmitters are used In the sympathetic system?

A
  • acetylcholine between pre ganglionic fibre and ganglion

- noradrenaline or acetylcholine between post ganglionic fibre and target tissue

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12
Q

In control of salivary secretion , how do sympathetic and parasympathetic work in relation to one another?

A

not reciprocal ( do not act against one another, one does not inhibit another, they just have different roles)

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13
Q

how does parasympathetics affect salivary secretion?

A
  • increased secretion (watery secretions)

- vasodilation

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14
Q

how does sympathetics affect salivary secretion?

A

– α1 and β2 adrenergic receptors
– Increased secretion (viscous secretions)
– Vasoconstriction

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15
Q

what nerves are involved in parasympathetic control of salivary secretion?

A 
Facial nerve VII:
-submandibular and sublingual glands 
-(nasal and lacrimal glands)
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX:
-Parotid and lingual
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16
Q

what type of receptor is in parasympathetic control of salivary secretion?

A

muscarinic

17
Q

what is a result of parasympathetic control of salivary secretion?

A
  • responsible for most of the increase in volume of salivary flow
  • small, variable increase in organic components
  • contraction of myoepithelial cells
18
Q

what is the antagonist in parasympathetic control of salivary secretion?

A

atropine

19
Q

what is the target tissue transmitters in sympathetic control of salivary secretion?

A
  • Noradrenaline in salivary glands

- (Note: ACh at some tissues e.g. sweat glands)

20
Q

what is a result of sympathetic control of salivary secretion?

A
  • DOES NOT INHIBIT salivary secretion
  • Increased exocytosis of organic components
  • Contraction of myoepithelial cells
21
Q

Describe Frey’s syndrome?

A

Parotid surgery
Damage to auriculotemporal nerve :
-parasympathetic to salivary glands (ACh)
-sympathetic to facial sweat glands (ACh)
Regeneration of damaged nerves can lead to mixed nerves and misdirected which means salivary nerves can supply sweat glands. A salivary stimulant (gustatory) leads to activation of sweat glands -> sweating -> gustatory sweating

22
Q

Describe the neural control of oro-facial blood vessels.

A

-Autonomic nerves :
sympathetic vasocontrictor
sympathetic vasodilator

-Afferent nerves:
axon reflex - triple response

23
Q

what is the triple response?

A

Blunt trauma/scratch to skin

Red reaction or flush :

  • capillary dilatation
  • histamine release from damaged tissue
  • LA has no effect

Flare:

  • arteriolar dilatation
  • increase blood flow
  • local infiltration anaesthesia has abolishes flare
  • distant nerve block does not abolish it

Wheal:

  • increase capillary permeability
  • histamine release
24
Q

what is flare and wheal mediated by?

A

the axon reflex (pain lecture)

25
Q

What is the hormonal control of oro-facial blood vessels?

A
  • Systemic (real hormones) e.g. adrenaline

- local inflammation e.g. bradykinin

26
Q

What is the metabolic control of oro-facial blood vessels?

A
  • metabolites

- eg Co2, H+,vasodilation

27
Q

what is the normal blood flow to pulp?

A

40-50ml/min/100g of tissue

28
Q

what are the efferent autonomic nerves that supply pulp?

A

-sympathetic vasoconstrictor (alpha 1 receptors)

– sympathetic vasodilator (beta 2 receptors)

29
Q

what do afferent nerves stimuli to dentine result in?

A
  • pain
  • increased blood flow
  • axon reflex -> vasodilation increased -> increased capillary permeability -> increased sensitivity
30
Q

what are local factors around the pulp?

A

bradykinin

31
Q

what is the problem with pulp?

A

constant volume problem

32
Q

Describe the constant volume problem?

A
  • local vasodilation
  • increased volume In an area
  • increased pressure
  • closing of vessels
  • ischaemia
  • death of pulp

NOT CORRECT:
new theory - pulp death due to static of blood in vessels

33
Q

Describe the action, agonist and antagonist of alpha 1 adrenoreceptors.

A
  • Action: smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction
  • Agonist- adrenaline
  • Antagonist- phentolamine
34
Q

Describe the action, agonist and antagonist of beta 1 adrenoreceptors.

A
  • Action: heart muscle contraction
  • Agonist: adrenaline
  • Antagonist : propranolol , atenolol
35
Q

Describe the action, agonist and antagonist of beta 2 adrenoreceptors.

A
  • Action: smooth muscle relaxation (e.g bronchioles)
  • Agonist : adrenaline , salbutamol
  • Antagonist : propranolol
36
Q

Describe adrenaline in terms of dental pharmacology.

A

– α and β agonist

– vasoconstricor in LA solutions α1 effect

37
Q

Describe phentolamine in terms of dental pharmacology.

A

– New – OraverseTM
– α1 antagonist – stops vasoconstriction
– reduces LA duration

38
Q

Name a B2 agonist.

A

salbutamol

39
Q

Name Beta blockers.

A

propranolol and atenolol

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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