Mycoviro Flashcards
1
Q
Fungi also known as
A
Thallophytes
2
Q
true or false
Ergosterols are present in Mycoplasma and
Ureaplasma
A
true, they are the only bacteria that has Ergosterols
3
Q
composition of complex carbohydrates in fungi
A
chitin,
glucans, and mannans
4
Q
fungi pH
Requirement
A
ph 5 acidic
5
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
metabolism of fungi can be Heterotrophic
Photoautotrophic , and Chemoautotrophic
A
false, they only metabolize thru Heterotrophic/Chemoheterotrophic
6
Q
phase of fungi having multiple forms and structures
A
Polymorphic Fungi
7
Q
phase of fungi Having two (2) phases which are dependent on the temperature
A
Dimorphic Fungi
8
Q
daughter cells (blastoconidia) that fail to detach from mother cell
A
Pseudohyphae
9
Q
Moist, creamy, or buttery colonies with an alcohol-like odor
A
yeast
10
Q
– Basic functional unit of mold
A
thallus
11
Q
mold can be categorize by which category
A
According to presence/absence of cross walls
According to pigmentation (melanin)
12
Q
Pigmented hypha
A
Phaeoid/Dematiaceous
13
Q
Non-pigmented hypha
A
Hyaline/Moniliaceous
14
Q
→ mass/aggregate of hypha
A
mycelium
15
Q
compisition of mycelium
A
thallus, aerial, fertile hypha
16
Q
Dry, cottony with a velvety surface
* Can be identified/classified by appearance or type of spores
A
mold
17
Q
RACQUET HYPHAE
resemble tennis
racquet
A
Epidermophyton
floccosum
18
Q
SPIRAL
corkscrew like vegetative Hypha
A
Trichophyton
mentagrophytes
19
Q
NODULAR
enlarged knots of
closely twisted hyphae
A
Microsporum
canis
20
Q
FAVIC CHANDELIER
antler like appearance
A
Tricophyton
scheonleinii
21
Q
RHIZOIDS
root like processes
A
Rhizopus
22
Q
PECTINATE BODIES
looks like a tooth of a
comb
A
Microsporum
auduoinii
23
Q
true or false
All conidia are SEXUAL spores
A
false; they are asexual
24
Q
All conidia are ASEXUAL spores
Arises from the side of hypha
A
Conidia
25
Small unicellular
May appear as:
▪ Teardrop
▪ Pyriform
microconidia
26
Large multicellular; spindle shaped
→ May appear as:
▪ Echinulate
− Spiny
▪ Smooth, rough
▪ Thick or thin
macroconidia
27
mold that tends to have thick macroconidia
Microsporum
28
mold that tends to have thin macroconidia
Trichophyton
29
true or false
Tuberculate has protrusion
true
30
club shaped, hand grenade (Alternaria)
is usually seen in cultures of Alternaria
Muriform
31
Sickle shape
− can exhibit sickle shape or boat shaped Macroconidia
Fusarium
32
Arise from simple budding
Blastoconidia
33
Thick-walled spores; resistant; formed during unfavorable conditions
Chlamydoconidia
34
Barrel shaped or rectangular spores
* Produced from fragmentation
* Seen in Coccidioides
Arthroconidia
35
mold that has “Hockey stick” appearance
Geotrichum
36
true or false
Zygomytoces are Sporangiospores
true
37
Sexual reproductive spores
Mnemonic: BAZO
Basidiospores
Ascospores
Zygospores
Oospores
38
Derived from fusion from 2 non-identical separate hypha
Oospores
39
Derived from fusion from 2 identical cells from the same hypha
Zygospores
40
Enclosed in a clubshaped structure (basidium)
Basidiospores
41
Enclosed in a sac (ascus
Ascospores
42
which are true about SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
1. Commonly acquired through close contact or direct contact with the infected
2. can be symptomatic
3. invasive; involve the horny nonliving layer of the skin and extrafollicular
parts (hair) of the skin.
a. all are true
b. 1 and 2 are true
c. 1 and 3 are true
d. only 1 is true
e. none is true
only 1 is true
43
Also known as Pityriasis versicolor
TINEA VERSICOLOR
44
TINEA VERSICOLOR causative agent
Malassezia furfur
45
Hypopigmentation in dark skin individual.
Hyperpigmentation in fair skin individuals
a. both statement is true
b. only 1st stament is true
c. only 2nd stament is true
d. none or the statements are true
both statement is true
46
apperance of Malassezia furfur under direct KOH mount
spaghetti and meat balls appearance.
47
SDA component that is used because the organism is a lipophilic organism that
prefers growing in lipid rich substances.
olive oil
48
true or false
Piedra infection does not affect the whole hair but only on where the nodule is present.
true
49
Caused by fungus called Piedraia hortae
Black piedra
50
Caused by Trichosporon beigeli
White piedra
51
nodules are
Pigmented
▪ Hard
▪ Firmly attached
→ Black piedra
52
nodules are
Less/ none pigmented
▪ The nodule is slightly soft or mucilaginous
▪ Not firmly attached
White piedra
53
Also known as Keratomycosis nigricans palmaristhe palms.
TINEA NIGRA
54
TINEA NIGRA Etiologic Agent
Hortaea werneckii
55
Fungal infections affecting the
scalp
T. capitis
56
Severe type of T. capitis
* Permanent alopecia
T. favosa
57
Fungal infection affecting the
facial hair
T. barbae
58
* Fungal infection affecting
the body
* Circular lesions on the bod
T. corporis
59
* Lesion on the “singit” or
inguinal area
* Also called as “jock itch”
T. cruris
60
* Also called as “athlete’s foot”
* Most common fungal
infection in the world
T. pedis
61
Ringworm of the nails
T. unguium
62
Lesions on the hand
T. manuum
63
* Presence of concentric
lesions in the body
T. imbricata
64
T. imbricata Causative agent
Trichophyton concentricum
65
infection that has : mosaic pattern
Ectothrix infection
66
Zoophilic
* Large, spindle shaped rough/echinulate macroconidia, terminal ends are
curved (beaked apex)
associated with tinea capitis
M. canis
67
* 3-9 called broadly spindle shaped rough- walled macroconidia with rounded
terminal ends
M. gypseum
68
has Pectinate hypha
M. audouinii
69
Infects skin and nails
* Macroconidia: smooth walled
* NO MICROCONDIA
* Wood’s Lamp: Positive
* Culture
→ Smooth walled club shaped macroconidia
EPIDERMOPHYTON
70
* Infects skin, hair, and nails
→ Very common agent of Cutaneous mycoses, since it can affect the skin,
the hair, and the nails
* Infects skin, hair, and nails
Wood’s Lamp: (-)
TRICHOPHYTON
71
Are composed of eosinophilic (pinkish) structures that are remnants of
an immune complex reaction
Asteroid Bodies
72
Also known as “Keloidal Blastomycosis”
LOBOMYCOSIS
73
→ Lesions that look like mycetoma
→ Caused by bacterial infection
→ Usually caused by S. aureus
Botyromycotic
74
Most common cause of white grain mycetoma in US
Pseudoallescheria boydii
75
Most common agent associated with mycetomas
Madurella mycetomatis
76
True or false
In mycetoma, there is a presence of granulomas or granulomatous
lesions in the foot, wherein the lesions would have sinus tracts.
true
77
has lab diagnosis
* Dematiaceous fungi
* Wartlike, cauliflower like lesions
* There is no bone involvement
* Dx: Sclerotic Bodies
Chromoblastomycosis
78
Blastomyces dermatitidis MOT
Inhalation of spores (airborne)
79
Multiple buds or “Mariner’s wheel appearance”
Causative agent: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
80
found primarily in San Joaquin Valley area in
California
Coccidioides immitis
81
Also known as:
→ Darling’s Disease
→ Reticuloendothelial Cytomycosis
→ Cave disease
→ Spelunker disease
Histoplasma capsulatum
82
colonies on BAP have “foot-like” or pedicle appearance on
the side that arise from the colony
Candida albicans
83
“logs on a stream” (appearance on culture)
Candida kefyr
84
fungemia in NICU; sagebrush colonies
Candida parapsilosis
85
candida spp that has no pseudohypha
Candida glabrata
86
Emerging species of Candida which is associated with multi-drug
resistance (MDR)
Candida auris
87
Associated with:
→ Torulosis
→ European blastomycosis
→ Busse-Buschke disease
Cryptococcus neoformans
88
Cryptococcus neoformans Animal Reservoir:
Pigeons
89
Cryptococcus spp that Can affect healthy individuals and immunocompromise
C. gatti
90
Cryptococcus neoformans Colony Morphology
Brown Black colonies
91
Affects HIV positive patients in Southeast Asia
▪ Take note of Travel history from Southeast Asia
→ Chronic cough
Talaromyces marneffei
92
Yellow pink colonies with diffusible red pigment
Talaromyces marneffei
93
Highly associated with pneumonia especially among AIDS patients
Honeycomb exudates (pinkish structures) can be found on lung tissue
biopsy
Pneumocystis jirovecii
94
inhibit or kills Zygomycetes
Cycloheximide
95
*Also known as Aman Medium
*Excellent mounting medium for most fungi
* Most widely used stain
Lactophenol
Cotton Blue
96
→ Exhibits bluish
-white or apple
-green
fluorescence depending on filter used
* Stains chitin
Calcofluor
White Stain
97
Demonstration of encapsulated yeast
. India Ink
98
differentiation of fungi in tissue scrapings → Stains fungi magenta
Periodic Acid Schiff
99
Hucker’s Modification * Use of crystal violet and ammonium oxalate * Fungi is always gram-positive
Gram Stain
100
Best fungal stain for tissues ▪ Fungi is stained black
Grocott Methenamine Silver
101
Allows growth of
dermatophytes and to
separate saprophytes
and bacteria
Dermatophyte
Test Medium
102
For Trichophyton rubrum
and T. mentagrophytes;
chlamydospore
production
Cornmeal Agar
with 1%
glucose
103
Based on the ff diseases, what is the virus?
Gingivostomatitis
Herpes Labialis (cold sores).
Herpetic Gladiatorum – athletes.
Herpetic Whitlow – medical professionals
Herpes Simplex Virus 1
104
Based on the ff diseases, what is the virus?
Genital Herpes; Neonatal Herpes
Herpes Simplex Virus 2
105
Chickenpox
Zoster/ Shingles
HHV3 – Varicella Zoster Virus
106
Infectious Mononucleosis
Kissing Disease, Pfeiffer’s disease
HHV4 – Epstein Barr Virus
107
Congenital Disease: Cytomegalic inclusion Disease
CMV Retinitis (HIV) – 40 day virus
HHV5 – Cytomegalovirus
108
6th disease / Roseola Infantum / Exanthem Subitum
HHV6 and HHV7
109
Affects the connective tissues of AIDS patients
HHV8 – Kaposi Sarcoma
110
Serum Hepatitis
Hepatitis B Virus
111
Hepatitis disease wherein dane particle can be seen
Hepatitis D Virus
112
Acute respiratory distress, Conjunctivitis (sore eyes), Gastroenteritis, Pneumonia
Outbreaks and military recruits
Adenovirus
113
Smallpox / Variola – Guarnieri Bodies
Molluscum Contagiosum – Water warts/Cup – shaped Crater
Monkeypox – Centrifugal
Poxvirus
114
Genital warts – also known as condyloma acuminata (serotype 6, 11)
Cervical Cancer – Koilocytosis (Serotype 16, 18)
PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE
115
POLYOMAVIRIDAE
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
JC Virus
116
POLYOMAVIRIDAE
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
BK virus
117
5th disease / Erythema Infectiosum
Gloves and Socks syndrome
Hydrops Fetalis
Parvovirus B19
118
Rhinovirus causes
common cold (ACID LABILE)
119
Enteroviruses causes
aseptic meningitis (ACID STABLE)
120
Aseptic Meningitis
Flaccid Asymmetric Paralysis
Poliovirus
121
Aseptic meningitis
Myocytis
Hand foot and mouth disease (children)
Herpangina (vesicular pharyngitis)
Coxsackie A
122
viral heart diseases
Pleurodynia (Devil's Grip)
Pericarditis
Diabetes
Myocarditis - Spastic paralysis
Coxsackie B
123
Hepatitis A (Enterovirus ??)
Enterovirus 72
124
Infectious Hepatitis
Epidemic Hepatitis
Hepatitis A (Enterovirus 72
125
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Lassa fever
ARENAVIRIDAE
126
Acute flaccid myelitis
Enterovirus D68
127
CALICIVIRIDAE
Winter vomiting disease (adult
Norwalk virus
128
CALICIVIRIDAE
Diarrhea among infants
sapovirus
129
fulminant hepatitis
high mortality on pregnant women
Hepatitis E virus
130
Star-shaped
Gastroenteritis/ diarrhea
ASTROVIRIDAE
131
Alpha coronavirus strains
229E and NL63
132
Beta coronavirus strains
OC43 and HKUl
133
FILOVIRIDAE
Most deadly type of ebola
Ebola Zaire
134
Hemorrhagic fever
- thread like; filamentous” “Sheperd’s crook
FILOVIRIDAE
135
Parainfluenza virus – laryngotracheobronchitis
Mumps
Measles (also known as Rubeola)
PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
136
German measles
Rubella
137
- Koplik Spots in mucosa: “grains of salt on a red background”
- CPE: Giant cells
are seen in what disease?
measles
138
PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
May develop encephalitis and interstitial pneumonia
→ Zoonotic
→ Animals involved horse and pig
Nipah and Hendra Virus
139
ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
Hemagglutinin (80%) shaped?
Rod-shaped
140
- ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
Neuraminidase (20%)
Mushroom shaped
141
Influenza virues are from what genus of virus
ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
142
Causes the outbreaks and pandemics
▪ Spanish Flu A (H1N1)
▪ Bird Flu A (HSN1)
▪ Swine Flu A (H1N1)
Influenza A
143
Influenza that causes the epidemics
Influenza B
144
Influenza that Causes mild respiratory disease
Influenza C
145
Influenza that Infects animals only
Influenza D
146
Involves significant or sudden changes in the genetic material leading
to new strain of Influenza
▪ Associated to Influenza A
Antigenic Shift
147
Minor changes in genetic material
▪ Slow
▪ All Influenza viruses may undergo this process
Antigenic Drift
148
SOC for influenza serological testing
Nasopharyngeal swabs
149
Bullet shaped RNA viruses
RHABDOVIRIDAE
150
Virus that targets the CNS (CNS inflammation)
→ Acquired through getting bitten or scratched by infected dogs, cats, and
other mammals (Zoonotic)
Rabies virus
151
gold standard serologic test for rabies virus
Fluorescent Antibody Test
152
negri bodies appears in what virus
rabies virus
153
Arthropod borne viruses
ARBOVIRUSES
154
Usually associated to hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis
* Genome with 3 segments (S,M,L)
BUNYAVIRIDAE
155
BUNYAVIRIDAE
Transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes)
California Encephalitis Virus
156
Transmitted by mosquitoes (culex)
Rift Valley Fever
157
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
MOT?
ticks
158
→ Rodent-borne viruses (any contact with rodents, via inhalation or
ingestion of urine or feces of rodents)
→ Hemorrhagic fever with renal/kidney involvement
Hantavirus
159
Rodent-borne viruses
Hemorrhagic fever with pulmonary involvement (difficulty in breathing)
Sin Nombre
160
Transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) but may be transmitted by
others (Haemagogus
Yellow fever
161
Yellow fever
St. Louis Encephalitis
West Nile Fever
Japanese Encephalitis
dengue fever
Zika
Hepatitis C
FLAVIVIRIDAE
162
Hepatitis disease wherein thet is a higher chance to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) since
higher risk for chronic state
Hepatitis C
163
Non-A Non-B Hepa and Transfusion
Related Hepa
Hepatitis C
164
Used as a marker in the past when there was still no established
diagnostic test for Hepa C
AL;T
165
vertical transmission is possible, congenital defects occur like
microcephaly, mental retardation, autoimmune disease, and Gullian
Barre Syndrome
Zika
166
REOVIRIDAE
→ Dengue like S/S
→ Vector: Tick
Colorado Tick Fever
167
Most important cause of infantile diarrhea (double capsid)
Rotavirus
168
Colorado Tick Fever verctor?
tick
169
Encephalitis Outbreaks in South America
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
170
Forscheimer/Forchheimer spots (rose colored spots on palate
or inside the mouth)
− Appears after rash
German Measles
171
Blueberry Muffin seen in
Congenital Rubella Disease
172
Tropical spastic
paraparesis
* Adult T cell
leukemia
* Flower cells on
PBS
HTLV1 (Human T cell
lymphotrophic virus)
173
* Seen in Hairy Cell
Leukemia
* Can also cause
Tropical Spastic
Paraperesis
* HTLV associated
myelopathy
HTLV-2
174
Most common subtype of HIV1
Group M
175
True or flase
If CD4 count is less than 200 cells/ul and or presence of opportunistic
infections such as AIDS
TRUE
176
Markers of HIV 1
+) 4 to 10 days after HIV RNA
detection
P24
177
Markers of HIV 1 (+) 10 days after infection
HIV RNA
178
Persists (+) 18 to 38 days after HIV
RNA detection
Anti-HIV IgG
179
Co-receptors FOR HIV 1
CXCR4 and CCR5
180
Important Proteins in HIV 1:
Gp41: Transmembrane protein
▪ Gp 120: Docking protein
181
P17: ? protein
▪ P24: ? protein
P17: Matrix protein
▪ P24: Capsid protein
182
1st Generation Tests for HIV
Purified Viral Lysates as Antigens
▪ Ex. Western Blot; IFA
183
2nd Generation Tests for HIV
Recombinant Viral Proteins
▪ Ex. EIA; rapid tests
184
Double Antigen Sandwich Assay
▪ Ex. EIA
3rd Generation
185
Confirmatory test for HIV
Western Blot; IFA, RIPA (radioimmunoprecipitation assay);
Line Immunoassay
186
Based on the result, does the patient have HIV?
2 out of 3 bands (p24, gp41, and gp120/gp160)
Indicates that there are antibodies against the HIV proteins
187
HIV Screening test
serologic rapid test
188
Causes Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
→ Causes Neurodegenerative Diseases affecting humans and animals
prions
189
Proteinaceous Infectious Particles
Not viruses, fungi, but they are also infectious material
→ Composed/Primarily made up of Proteins; NO DNA or RNA (no genome)
190
Gertsmann-Straussler Scheunker Disease – variant of CJD
prions
191
true or false
PRIONS are the most resistant of all infectious agents
→ They are difficult to destroy/eliminate compared to other infectious
diseases
true
192
Mad Cow Disease other name
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
193
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease
causative agent
prions
