Mycoviro Flashcards
Fungi also known as
Thallophytes
true or false
Ergosterols are present in Mycoplasma and
Ureaplasma
true, they are the only bacteria that has Ergosterols
composition of complex carbohydrates in fungi
chitin,
glucans, and mannans
fungi pH
Requirement
ph 5 acidic
TRUE OR FALSE
metabolism of fungi can be Heterotrophic
Photoautotrophic , and Chemoautotrophic
false, they only metabolize thru Heterotrophic/Chemoheterotrophic
phase of fungi having multiple forms and structures
Polymorphic Fungi
phase of fungi Having two (2) phases which are dependent on the temperature
Dimorphic Fungi
daughter cells (blastoconidia) that fail to detach from mother cell
Pseudohyphae
Moist, creamy, or buttery colonies with an alcohol-like odor
yeast
– Basic functional unit of mold
thallus
mold can be categorize by which category
According to presence/absence of cross walls
According to pigmentation (melanin)
Pigmented hypha
Phaeoid/Dematiaceous
Non-pigmented hypha
Hyaline/Moniliaceous
→ mass/aggregate of hypha
mycelium
compisition of mycelium
thallus, aerial, fertile hypha
Dry, cottony with a velvety surface
* Can be identified/classified by appearance or type of spores
mold
RACQUET HYPHAE
resemble tennis
racquet
Epidermophyton
floccosum
SPIRAL
corkscrew like vegetative Hypha
Trichophyton
mentagrophytes
NODULAR
enlarged knots of
closely twisted hyphae
Microsporum
canis
FAVIC CHANDELIER
antler like appearance
Tricophyton
scheonleinii
RHIZOIDS
root like processes
Rhizopus
PECTINATE BODIES
looks like a tooth of a
comb
Microsporum
auduoinii
true or false
All conidia are SEXUAL spores
false; they are asexual
All conidia are ASEXUAL spores
Arises from the side of hypha
Conidia
Small unicellular
May appear as:
▪ Teardrop
▪ Pyriform
microconidia
Large multicellular; spindle shaped
→ May appear as:
▪ Echinulate
− Spiny
▪ Smooth, rough
▪ Thick or thin
macroconidia
mold that tends to have thick macroconidia
Microsporum
mold that tends to have thin macroconidia
Trichophyton
true or false
Tuberculate has protrusion
true
club shaped, hand grenade (Alternaria)
is usually seen in cultures of Alternaria
Muriform
Sickle shape
− can exhibit sickle shape or boat shaped Macroconidia
Fusarium
Arise from simple budding
Blastoconidia
Thick-walled spores; resistant; formed during unfavorable conditions
Chlamydoconidia
Barrel shaped or rectangular spores
* Produced from fragmentation
* Seen in Coccidioides
Arthroconidia
mold that has “Hockey stick” appearance
Geotrichum
true or false
Zygomytoces are Sporangiospores
true
Sexual reproductive spores
Mnemonic: BAZO
Basidiospores
Ascospores
Zygospores
Oospores
Derived from fusion from 2 non-identical separate hypha
Oospores
Derived from fusion from 2 identical cells from the same hypha
Zygospores
Enclosed in a clubshaped structure (basidium)
Basidiospores
Enclosed in a sac (ascus
Ascospores
which are true about SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
1. Commonly acquired through close contact or direct contact with the infected
2. can be symptomatic
3. invasive; involve the horny nonliving layer of the skin and extrafollicular
parts (hair) of the skin.
a. all are true
b. 1 and 2 are true
c. 1 and 3 are true
d. only 1 is true
e. none is true
only 1 is true
Also known as Pityriasis versicolor
TINEA VERSICOLOR
TINEA VERSICOLOR causative agent
Malassezia furfur
Hypopigmentation in dark skin individual.
Hyperpigmentation in fair skin individuals
a. both statement is true
b. only 1st stament is true
c. only 2nd stament is true
d. none or the statements are true
both statement is true
apperance of Malassezia furfur under direct KOH mount
spaghetti and meat balls appearance.
SDA component that is used because the organism is a lipophilic organism that
prefers growing in lipid rich substances.
olive oil
true or false
Piedra infection does not affect the whole hair but only on where the nodule is present.
true
Caused by fungus called Piedraia hortae
Black piedra
Caused by Trichosporon beigeli
White piedra
nodules are
Pigmented
▪ Hard
▪ Firmly attached
→ Black piedra
nodules are
Less/ none pigmented
▪ The nodule is slightly soft or mucilaginous
▪ Not firmly attached
White piedra
Also known as Keratomycosis nigricans palmaristhe palms.
TINEA NIGRA
TINEA NIGRA Etiologic Agent
Hortaea werneckii
Fungal infections affecting the
scalp
T. capitis
Severe type of T. capitis
* Permanent alopecia
T. favosa
Fungal infection affecting the
facial hair
T. barbae
- Fungal infection affecting
the body - Circular lesions on the bod
T. corporis
- Lesion on the “singit” or
inguinal area - Also called as “jock itch”
T. cruris
- Also called as “athlete’s foot”
- Most common fungal
infection in the world
T. pedis
Ringworm of the nails
T. unguium
Lesions on the hand
T. manuum
- Presence of concentric
lesions in the body
T. imbricata
T. imbricata Causative agent
Trichophyton concentricum
infection that has : mosaic pattern
Ectothrix infection
Zoophilic
* Large, spindle shaped rough/echinulate macroconidia, terminal ends are
curved (beaked apex)
associated with tinea capitis
M. canis
- 3-9 called broadly spindle shaped rough- walled macroconidia with rounded
terminal ends
M. gypseum
has Pectinate hypha
M. audouinii
Infects skin and nails
* Macroconidia: smooth walled
* NO MICROCONDIA
* Wood’s Lamp: Positive
* Culture
→ Smooth walled club shaped macroconidia
EPIDERMOPHYTON
- Infects skin, hair, and nails
→ Very common agent of Cutaneous mycoses, since it can affect the skin,
the hair, and the nails - Infects skin, hair, and nails
Wood’s Lamp: (-)
TRICHOPHYTON
Are composed of eosinophilic (pinkish) structures that are remnants of
an immune complex reaction
Asteroid Bodies
Also known as “Keloidal Blastomycosis”
LOBOMYCOSIS
→ Lesions that look like mycetoma
→ Caused by bacterial infection
→ Usually caused by S. aureus
Botyromycotic
Most common cause of white grain mycetoma in US
Pseudoallescheria boydii
Most common agent associated with mycetomas
Madurella mycetomatis
True or false
In mycetoma, there is a presence of granulomas or granulomatous
lesions in the foot, wherein the lesions would have sinus tracts.
true
has lab diagnosis
* Dematiaceous fungi
* Wartlike, cauliflower like lesions
* There is no bone involvement
* Dx: Sclerotic Bodies
Chromoblastomycosis
Blastomyces dermatitidis MOT
Inhalation of spores (airborne)
Multiple buds or “Mariner’s wheel appearance”
Causative agent: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
found primarily in San Joaquin Valley area in
California
Coccidioides immitis
Also known as:
→ Darling’s Disease
→ Reticuloendothelial Cytomycosis
→ Cave disease
→ Spelunker disease
Histoplasma capsulatum
colonies on BAP have “foot-like” or pedicle appearance on
the side that arise from the colony
Candida albicans
“logs on a stream” (appearance on culture)
Candida kefyr
fungemia in NICU; sagebrush colonies
Candida parapsilosis
candida spp that has no pseudohypha
Candida glabrata
Emerging species of Candida which is associated with multi-drug
resistance (MDR)
Candida auris
Associated with:
→ Torulosis
→ European blastomycosis
→ Busse-Buschke disease
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans Animal Reservoir:
Pigeons
Cryptococcus spp that Can affect healthy individuals and immunocompromise
C. gatti
Cryptococcus neoformans Colony Morphology
Brown Black colonies
Affects HIV positive patients in Southeast Asia
▪ Take note of Travel history from Southeast Asia
→ Chronic cough
Talaromyces marneffei
Yellow pink colonies with diffusible red pigment
Talaromyces marneffei
Highly associated with pneumonia especially among AIDS patients
Honeycomb exudates (pinkish structures) can be found on lung tissue
biopsy
Pneumocystis jirovecii
inhibit or kills Zygomycetes
Cycloheximide
*Also known as Aman Medium
*Excellent mounting medium for most fungi
* Most widely used stain
Lactophenol
Cotton Blue
→ Exhibits bluish
-white or apple
-green
fluorescence depending on filter used
* Stains chitin
Calcofluor
White Stain
Demonstration of encapsulated yeast
. India Ink
differentiation of fungi in tissue scrapings → Stains fungi magenta
Periodic Acid Schiff
Hucker’s Modification * Use of crystal violet and ammonium oxalate * Fungi is always gram-positive
Gram Stain
Best fungal stain for tissues ▪ Fungi is stained black
Grocott Methenamine Silver
Allows growth of
dermatophytes and to
separate saprophytes
and bacteria
Dermatophyte
Test Medium
For Trichophyton rubrum
and T. mentagrophytes;
chlamydospore
production
Cornmeal Agar
with 1%
glucose
Based on the ff diseases, what is the virus?
Gingivostomatitis
Herpes Labialis (cold sores).
Herpetic Gladiatorum – athletes.
Herpetic Whitlow – medical professionals
Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Based on the ff diseases, what is the virus?
Genital Herpes; Neonatal Herpes
Herpes Simplex Virus 2
Chickenpox
Zoster/ Shingles
HHV3 – Varicella Zoster Virus
Infectious Mononucleosis
Kissing Disease, Pfeiffer’s disease
HHV4 – Epstein Barr Virus
Congenital Disease: Cytomegalic inclusion Disease
CMV Retinitis (HIV) – 40 day virus
HHV5 – Cytomegalovirus
6th disease / Roseola Infantum / Exanthem Subitum
HHV6 and HHV7
Affects the connective tissues of AIDS patients
HHV8 – Kaposi Sarcoma
Serum Hepatitis
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis disease wherein dane particle can be seen
Hepatitis D Virus
Acute respiratory distress, Conjunctivitis (sore eyes), Gastroenteritis, Pneumonia
Outbreaks and military recruits
Adenovirus
Smallpox / Variola – Guarnieri Bodies
Molluscum Contagiosum – Water warts/Cup – shaped Crater
Monkeypox – Centrifugal
Poxvirus
Genital warts – also known as condyloma acuminata (serotype 6, 11)
Cervical Cancer – Koilocytosis (Serotype 16, 18)
PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE
POLYOMAVIRIDAE
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
JC Virus
POLYOMAVIRIDAE
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
BK virus
5th disease / Erythema Infectiosum
Gloves and Socks syndrome
Hydrops Fetalis
Parvovirus B19
Rhinovirus causes
common cold (ACID LABILE)
Enteroviruses causes
aseptic meningitis (ACID STABLE)
Aseptic Meningitis
Flaccid Asymmetric Paralysis
Poliovirus
Aseptic meningitis
Myocytis
Hand foot and mouth disease (children)
Herpangina (vesicular pharyngitis)
Coxsackie A
viral heart diseases
Pleurodynia (Devil’s Grip)
Pericarditis
Diabetes
Myocarditis - Spastic paralysis
Coxsackie B
Hepatitis A (Enterovirus ??)
Enterovirus 72
Infectious Hepatitis
Epidemic Hepatitis
Hepatitis A (Enterovirus 72
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Lassa fever
ARENAVIRIDAE
Acute flaccid myelitis
Enterovirus D68
CALICIVIRIDAE
Winter vomiting disease (adult
Norwalk virus
CALICIVIRIDAE
Diarrhea among infants
sapovirus
fulminant hepatitis
high mortality on pregnant women
Hepatitis E virus
Star-shaped
Gastroenteritis/ diarrhea
ASTROVIRIDAE
Alpha coronavirus strains
229E and NL63
Beta coronavirus strains
OC43 and HKUl
FILOVIRIDAE
Most deadly type of ebola
Ebola Zaire
Hemorrhagic fever
- thread like; filamentous” “Sheperd’s crook
FILOVIRIDAE
Parainfluenza virus – laryngotracheobronchitis
Mumps
Measles (also known as Rubeola)
PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
German measles
Rubella
- Koplik Spots in mucosa: “grains of salt on a red background”
- CPE: Giant cells
are seen in what disease?
measles
PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
May develop encephalitis and interstitial pneumonia
→ Zoonotic
→ Animals involved horse and pig
Nipah and Hendra Virus
ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
Hemagglutinin (80%) shaped?
Rod-shaped
- ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
Neuraminidase (20%)
Mushroom shaped
Influenza virues are from what genus of virus
ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
Causes the outbreaks and pandemics
▪ Spanish Flu A (H1N1)
▪ Bird Flu A (HSN1)
▪ Swine Flu A (H1N1)
Influenza A
Influenza that causes the epidemics
Influenza B
Influenza that Causes mild respiratory disease
Influenza C
Influenza that Infects animals only
Influenza D
Involves significant or sudden changes in the genetic material leading
to new strain of Influenza
▪ Associated to Influenza A
Antigenic Shift
Minor changes in genetic material
▪ Slow
▪ All Influenza viruses may undergo this process
Antigenic Drift
SOC for influenza serological testing
Nasopharyngeal swabs
Bullet shaped RNA viruses
RHABDOVIRIDAE
Virus that targets the CNS (CNS inflammation)
→ Acquired through getting bitten or scratched by infected dogs, cats, and
other mammals (Zoonotic)
Rabies virus
gold standard serologic test for rabies virus
Fluorescent Antibody Test
negri bodies appears in what virus
rabies virus
Arthropod borne viruses
ARBOVIRUSES
Usually associated to hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis
* Genome with 3 segments (S,M,L)
BUNYAVIRIDAE
BUNYAVIRIDAE
Transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes)
California Encephalitis Virus
Transmitted by mosquitoes (culex)
Rift Valley Fever
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
MOT?
ticks
→ Rodent-borne viruses (any contact with rodents, via inhalation or
ingestion of urine or feces of rodents)
→ Hemorrhagic fever with renal/kidney involvement
Hantavirus
Rodent-borne viruses
Hemorrhagic fever with pulmonary involvement (difficulty in breathing)
Sin Nombre
Transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) but may be transmitted by
others (Haemagogus
Yellow fever
Yellow fever
St. Louis Encephalitis
West Nile Fever
Japanese Encephalitis
dengue fever
Zika
Hepatitis C
FLAVIVIRIDAE
Hepatitis disease wherein thet is a higher chance to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) since
higher risk for chronic state
Hepatitis C
Non-A Non-B Hepa and Transfusion
Related Hepa
Hepatitis C
Used as a marker in the past when there was still no established
diagnostic test for Hepa C
AL;T
vertical transmission is possible, congenital defects occur like
microcephaly, mental retardation, autoimmune disease, and Gullian
Barre Syndrome
Zika
REOVIRIDAE
→ Dengue like S/S
→ Vector: Tick
Colorado Tick Fever
Most important cause of infantile diarrhea (double capsid)
Rotavirus
Colorado Tick Fever verctor?
tick
Encephalitis Outbreaks in South America
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Forscheimer/Forchheimer spots (rose colored spots on palate
or inside the mouth)
− Appears after rash
German Measles
Blueberry Muffin seen in
Congenital Rubella Disease
Tropical spastic
paraparesis
* Adult T cell
leukemia
* Flower cells on
PBS
HTLV1 (Human T cell
lymphotrophic virus)
- Seen in Hairy Cell
Leukemia - Can also cause
Tropical Spastic
Paraperesis - HTLV associated
myelopathy
HTLV-2
Most common subtype of HIV1
Group M
True or flase
If CD4 count is less than 200 cells/ul and or presence of opportunistic
infections such as AIDS
TRUE
Markers of HIV 1
+) 4 to 10 days after HIV RNA
detection
P24
Markers of HIV 1 (+) 10 days after infection
HIV RNA
Persists (+) 18 to 38 days after HIV
RNA detection
Anti-HIV IgG
Co-receptors FOR HIV 1
CXCR4 and CCR5
Important Proteins in HIV 1:
Gp41: Transmembrane protein
▪ Gp 120: Docking protein
P17: ? protein
▪ P24: ? protein
P17: Matrix protein
▪ P24: Capsid protein
1st Generation Tests for HIV
Purified Viral Lysates as Antigens
▪ Ex. Western Blot; IFA
2nd Generation Tests for HIV
Recombinant Viral Proteins
▪ Ex. EIA; rapid tests
Double Antigen Sandwich Assay
▪ Ex. EIA
3rd Generation
Confirmatory test for HIV
Western Blot; IFA, RIPA (radioimmunoprecipitation assay);
Line Immunoassay
Based on the result, does the patient have HIV?
2 out of 3 bands (p24, gp41, and gp120/gp160)
Indicates that there are antibodies against the HIV proteins
HIV Screening test
serologic rapid test
Causes Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
→ Causes Neurodegenerative Diseases affecting humans and animals
prions
Proteinaceous Infectious Particles
Not viruses, fungi, but they are also infectious material
→ Composed/Primarily made up of Proteins; NO DNA or RNA (no genome)
Gertsmann-Straussler Scheunker Disease – variant of CJD
prions
true or false
PRIONS are the most resistant of all infectious agents
→ They are difficult to destroy/eliminate compared to other infectious
diseases
true
Mad Cow Disease other name
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease
causative agent
prions
