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MTAP 1 > BACTE part 1 > Flashcards

BACTE part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Science of classifying groups of biological organisms – descriptions,
identification, and nomenclature

A

taxonomy

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2
Q

father of taxonomy

A

carlolus linnaeus

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3
Q

2 main taxonomy ranks used in hospital setting

A

genus and species

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4
Q

size of prokaryotes

A

0.5 to 5 um

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5
Q

reproduction of prokaryotes

A

transverse binary fission

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6
Q

reproduction of eukaryotes

A

mitosis

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7
Q

true or false
bacteria has true nucleus

A

false, only nucleoloid

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8
Q

site for energy production in
a. prokaryotes
b. eukaryotes

A

a. cytoplasm
b.mitochondria

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9
Q

2 non chromasomal element of bacteria

A

plasmid
transposons

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10
Q

2 types pf transposons

A

insertion sequence
composite transposons

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11
Q

true or false
bacteria are double, unpaired chromosomes

A

false, only single stranded

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12
Q

describe as jumping genes

A

transposons

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13
Q

• Autonomously replicating extrachromosomal gene
• Determinant of antimicrobial resistance

A

plasmid

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14
Q

Pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another, mobile
genetic material

A

transposons

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15
Q

enzyme neede for genetic recombination

A

bacterial recombinase protein A

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16
Q

Bacterial cell uptake of free DNA when another
bacterial cell dies

A

transformation

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17
Q

bacterial dna transported via bacteriophage

A

transduction

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18
Q

Two bacteria join together and exchanges genetic
material thru a sex pilus

A

conjugation

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19
Q

2 Major metabolic pathway of the bacteria where they derived their energy in the form of ATP

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway
Tricarboxylic Cycle / Krebs Cycle

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20
Q

– energy production in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

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21
Q

energy production without the presence of
oxygen; less efficient

A

Anerobic respiration

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22
Q

true or false
Most of the ATP molecules (36 ATP ) are derived which makes it more efficient in energy production compared to anaerobic respiration

A

true

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23
Q

Absolute requirement
for O2 for growth
Pseudomonas, Neisseria,
Francisella, Brucella,
Bordetella

A

Obligate
Aerobes

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24
Q

Requires reduced O2
(2-10%) for growth
Yersinia, Neisseria,
Campylobacter

A

Microaerophilic

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25
Q

Can grow under both
aerobic/anaerobic
conditions, prefers
using O2 for growth

A

Facultative
Anaerobes

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26
Q

Obligate
Anaerobes Cannot grow when O2
is present

A

Obligate
Anaerobes

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27
Q

Principally anaerobic
but are not killed by
presence of O2

A

Aerotolerant
Anaerobes

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28
Q

Requires 5-10% CO2
for growth

A

Capnophilic

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29
Q

Cold-loving bacteria (10-20C)
Can grow inside the refrigerator

A

Psychrophile

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30
Q

Grows on moderate temperature (20-40C)
MOST Pathogens/pathogenic bacteria are considered mesophilic
because they usually grow on body temperature (37C)

A

Mesophilic

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31
Q

Heat-loving bacteria (50-60C)

A

Thermophile

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32
Q

Can survive above 100C

A

Thermoduric

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33
Q

FOUR PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH

A

lag
log
stationary
death

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34
Q

phase of bacterial growth werein Bacterial multiplication begins in which bacterial numbers increase
logarithmically through transverse binary fission
* Most active metabolism of bacteria

A

log

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35
Q

phase of bacterial growth werein Nutrients are becoming limited/exhaust
* The numbers of bacteria remain constant

A

stationary

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36
Q

Adaptation period
* Bacteria are preparing to divide
* NO BACTERIAL MULTIPLICATION yet

A

lag phase

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37
Q

Found only in Gram-negative bacteria
* Contains LPS – Lipopolysaccharide which acts as??

A

endotoxin

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38
Q

true or false
Thinnwe in Gram-positive, Thicker in Gram-negative

A

false

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39
Q

Long chain fatty acid
§ Can be seen in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Mycolic acid

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40
Q

binds Mg ions and protect bacteria from thermal
injur

A

teichoic acid

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41
Q

EXCLUSIVE ONLY FOR Gram Negative:

A

® Outer membrane (LPS, Endotoxin)
® Periplasmic space

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42
Q

Deepest layer of the cell envelope

A

Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane

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43
Q

Flagellum on one pole

A

Monotrichous

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44
Q

Single flagellum on both poles

A

Amphitrichous

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45
Q

Flagella at both poles

A

Lophptrichous

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46
Q

Flagella all over the organism

A

Peritrichous

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47
Q

Primarily for Bacterial attachment

A

pili or fimbriae

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48
Q

protein component of pili

A

pilin

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49
Q

® Used for bacterial Conjugation
® Present only in cells that produce the protein- F factor

A

Sex Pilus

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50
Q

nucleoid is Attached to a ???, a saclike structure in the cell membrane

A

mesosome

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51
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusions that Serves as nutrient storage and is found on Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Metachromatic Granules

52
Q

other name for Metachromatic Granules

A

volutin granules or Babes-Ernst granules

53
Q

® Demonstrated by Yersinia pestis
® Nutrient storage is found on both sides or terminal sides of the bacillus

A

Bipolar Bodies

54
Q

Bipolar Bodies has what kind of apperance

A

“safety-pin

55
Q

Able to grow simply, using carbon dioxide as the sole source of carbon
* Obtain energy either photosynthetically or by oxidation of inorganic
compounds

A

autotrophs

56
Q

Require an organic source of carbon such as glucose
* Obtain energy either by oxidizing or fermenting organic compounds

A

heterotrophs

57
Q

Exotoxins are made only of proteins and contribute to the virulence
factor.
* They are created with bacterial lysis
true or false

A

false 2nd statement

58
Q
  • Used to detect endotoxins in body fluids
A

Limulus Lysate Test

59
Q

Limulus Lysate Test reagent used

A

Blood of Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus)

60
Q

All cocci are Gram-POSITIVE
except:

A

Neisseria
Moraxella
Veillonella

61
Q

which bacilli are gram positive
I. Erysipelothrix
Arcanobacterium
II. Lactobacillus
Actinomyces
III. Neisseria Bacillus
Moraxella

a. all of the above
b. none of the above
c. only II and I
d. only III and I
e. II only

A

c. only II and I

62
Q

Resulting Color in omission of Crystal Violet

A

pink

63
Q

Resulting Color in omission of mordant

A

pink

64
Q

Ziehl-Neelson other name

A

hot method

65
Q

provide the following information abour Ziehl-Neelson stain
primary stain:
mordant:
decolorizer:
counterstain:
acid fast result
non acid fast result:

A

Carbolfuchsin
Steam
Acid-alcohol Acid-alcohol Acid-alcohol
Methylene blue
Bright red
Blue

66
Q

Fluorochrome dye which binds to the nucleic acid and produce bright
orange fluorescence

A

Acridine orange

67
Q

Traditionally has been used to stain C. diphtheriae for observation of
metachromatic granules which acts as nutrient storage

A

Methylene blue

68
Q

Uses tannic acid and a dye to stain flagella

A

Leifson stain

69
Q

Stain for bipolar bodies; colours only the two opposite poles of the
microorganism in question

A

Wayson

70
Q

Use for staining endospores; utilizes malachite green (primary stain) &
safranin (counterstain

A

Schaeffer fulton

71
Q

Negative stain used to visualize capsules surrounding certain yeasts, e.g.
Cryptococcus spp

A

India ink

72
Q

Fluorochrome that binds to chitin in fungal cell walls, fluoresces as applegreen or blue-white

A

Calcofluor white

73
Q

Used to stain the cell walls of medically important fungi grown in slide
culture

A

Lactophenol blue

74
Q

Autoclave
(moist heat) calibration

A

121C / 15 psi / at least
15 mins

75
Q

Autoclave
(moist heat) indicator

A

B.
stearothermophilus

76
Q

Dry heat
(oven) calibration

A

160-180C / 1.5-3 hrs

77
Q

Dry heat
(oven) Indicator

A

Indicator: B. subtilis var niger

78
Q

Ethylene
oxide (gas) calibration

A

Chamber space @ 55C
/ 2 hrs

79
Q

sterilization Used in syringes, gloves,
catheters

A

Ionizing
radiation

80
Q

Used in parenteral solutions,
vaccines
Used in laboratory hoods
and isolation rooms

A

Filtration

81
Q

Kills vegetative
forms

A

Boiling

82
Q

Long wavelength, low
energy

A

Non-ionizing radiation

83
Q

composition of aldehyde

A

Formalin 8%,
Glutaraldehyde 2%

84
Q

Disinfects hands of surgical
personnel
a. Chlorhexidine
gluconate
b. halogen
c. alcohol
d, iodine

A

Chlorhexidine
gluconate

85
Q

A device that encloses a workspace in such a way as to protect workers from
aerosol exposure to infectious disease agents

A

. BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET

86
Q

Allows room air
(unsterilized) to
pass and circulate
into the cabinet,
and exhaust air is
filtered by a HEPA
filter.

A

Class I BSC

87
Q

A percentage of
the remaining air is
HEPA filtered
before reaching
the environment
* Most hospital
microbiology
laboratory uses this class

A

Class II BSC

88
Q
  • Provides the
    highest level of
    safety all air
    entering/leaving
    the cabinet is
    sterilized by a
    HEPA filter
A

Class III BSC

89
Q

– HEPA filter: air entering, recirculated, and exhaust air

A

Class III BSC

90
Q

HEPA filter: recirculated & exhaust air
® A.k.a Vertical Laminar Flow Cabinet

A

Class II BSC

91
Q

Blood culture Anticoagulant: ?

A

Anticoagulant: 0.025% Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate

92
Q

Blood culture adult volume sample

A

20 ml

93
Q

based on the following gram stain of sputum, is it suitable for culture?
® >25ECs / LPF
® <2 PMNS / LPF

A

no. PMNs should be greater than ECs

94
Q

preservative used for urine culture

A

boric acid

95
Q

transport medium used for stool

A

(Cary-Blair medium

96
Q

At least ? bacteria per milliliter of broth are needed for turbidity
to be detected with the unaided eye

A

10^6 (1,000,000)

97
Q

agarose melts at what tempt?

A

95C

98
Q

media Recommended for fastidious bacteria

A

enrichment media

99
Q

Recommended for non-fastidious bacteria
® Bacteria that don’t require specific nutrients

A

Nutritive

100
Q

There is presence of inhibitors
* Contain one or more agents that are inhibitory to all organisms except those
“selected” by the specific growth condition or chemical

A

Selective

101
Q

agar that inhibit the growth of gram negative bacteria

A

Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA) agar and Colistin-Nalidixic Acid
(CNA) agar

102
Q

TRANSPORT media contains ?

A

charcoal

103
Q

Small area of intact RBCs around colony surrounded
by a wider zone of complete hemolysis

A

alpha prime hemolysis

104
Q

Kills target microorganisms, resulting to cell lysis

A

Bactericidal agent

105
Q

Inhibits bacterial growth but does not kill the organism

A

Bacteriostatic agent

106
Q

which broth is often used as major component for blood culture

A

Brain-Heart Infusion

107
Q

Differentiation of microorganisms relies on the expression of the pathway for
fermentation of lactose

A

Macconkey Agar

108
Q

You can determine the atmospheric requirement of the bacteria by observing
the appearance of this broth

A

Thioglycolate Broth

109
Q

Antimicrobial agent in question may be an appropriate choice for
treating the infection

A

Susceptible

110
Q

Antimicrobial agent in question may not be an appropriate choice
for treatmen

A

® Resistant

111
Q

Altering dosing (e.g., higher doses) results in higher drug
exposure

A

Susceptible-Dose Dependent (SDD)

112
Q

Inoculum is too light causes false sensitive or false resistant?

A

false sensitive

113
Q

Too much moisture on the agar cause false sensitive or false resistant?

A

false resistant

114
Q

> 15 mins delay after seeding the
plate and before antibiotic disks are
applied

A

false resistant

115
Q

> 15 mins delay after seeding the
plate and before antibiotic disks are
applied

A
116
Q

Principle: Turbidimetry
® Have the advantage with large number of samples

A

VITEK System

117
Q

Substrate used in Beta-lactamase Production

A

Cephalosporin

118
Q

If the organism produces this enzyme, it is effective to prescribe betalactam drugs
true or false

A

false

119
Q

refers to the concentration resulting to a 99.9% reduction in CFU
per milliliter compared with the organism concentration in the original
inoculum.

A

MINIMAL BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION

120
Q

Involves exposing a bacterial isolate to a concentration of antibiotic n a broth
medium and measuring the rate of killing over a specified time period

A

TIME-KILL STUDIES

121
Q

Analogous to the MIC-MBC test except that the test medium used is the
patient’s serum containing the therapeutic antimicrobial agents the patient
has been receiving.

A

SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST (SCHLICTER TEST)

122
Q
  • Two serum samples are required
A

Trough specimen
Peak specimen

123
Q

collected just before the patient is to receive the
next antimicrobial dose

A

Trough specimen

124
Q

collected after the antimicrobial agent is given (30
minutes for IV, 90 minutes for oral)

A

Peak specimen

125
Q

standard medium for any type of
susceptibility tes

A

Mueller-Hinton Agar)

126
Q

0.5 McFarland standard composition

A

® 1% H2SO4 sulfuric acid (99.5 mL)
® 1.175% BaCI2 barium chloride (0.5 mL

MTAP 1 (15 decks)

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