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Bacteriology > Mycotoxins > Flashcards

Mycotoxins Flashcards

1
Q

What are mycotoxins

A

Highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi

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2
Q

What are primary metabolites

A

Produced by all fungi as a result of normal nutrient metabolism, role in growth and development

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3
Q

What are secondary metabolites

A

Not produced by all fungi, may function to establish an environmental niche against competing microbes

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4
Q

Conditions for mycotoxin production

A

Having the specific gene and then specific environmental conditions which cause the gene to be expressed to lead to toxin being produced

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5
Q

Can mycotoxins form pre and post harvet

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is optimal moisture and why important

A

Over 13% and is most important factor in mold growth

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7
Q

What are aflatoxins from

A

Aspergillus flavus

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8
Q

Mechanism of toxicity from aflatoxins

A

Damage liver because aflatoxin is activated in liver to form a metabolite (epoxide) which is an oxidizing agent The epoxide binds to DNA and causes damage

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9
Q

What is more sensitive to aflatoxins

A

Younger animals and monogastrics specifically birds and fish which can accumulate it over time and develop liver cancer

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10
Q

What defines acute toxicity of aflatoxicosis

A

Large amount aflatoxin ingested in short time and causes clinical signs- bloody diarrhea and liver damage within hours or days

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11
Q

What defines chronic toxicity of aflatoxicosis

A

Prolonged ingestion of lower amounts of the toxin causing decreased growth and liver cancer

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12
Q

Diagnosis of aflatoxicosis

A

Submit feed to lab for quantitative analysis

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13
Q

Treatment of aflatoxicosis

A

No antidote, just supportive care

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14
Q

Zearalenone is produced by

A

Fusarium species

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15
Q

Zearalenone Mimics

A

Estrogen

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16
Q

Zearalenone Affects what

A

Gilts

17
Q

Zearalenone Toxicosis is causes

A

Premature sexual development or pseudo-pregnancy, low fertility, or reduce reproductive efficiency in boars

18
Q

Trichromaticthecenes do what

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes

19
Q

Vomitoxin causes what in what

A

Severe gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea in pigs

20
Q

Vomitoxin treatment

A

Remove feed and check feed for others because Vomitoxin is indicator of other mycotoxins

21
Q

Fumonisins are toxic to what in body

A

hepatotoxic (liver), neurotoxic (nervous system), and carcinogenic to humans

22
Q

Fumonisin mechanism of action

A

Blocks enzymes involved production in intermediate lipid creamide of the sphingolipid (interferes with biosynthesis) in the cell membranes of liver and nerve cells

23
Q

What are signs of Equine Leukoencephalomalacia as a result of fumonisin toxicity aka moldy corn poisoning

A

Blindness, circling, staggering, seizures in horses (ruminants and poultry resistant)

24
Q

Ergot toxins are produced by

A

Claviceps purpurea

25
Q

Ergot fungi (C. purpurea) prefer what

A

Warm/wet growing seasons which favors alkaloid production

26
Q

C. Purpurea forms what

A

A sclerotia which is a structure following the germination of the fungal spore on rye, wheat, oats and others

27
Q

Ergotism clinical disease effects what mostly

A

Everything but animals that graze are mostly likely exposed, especially cattle

28
Q

What do Alkaloids do to cause symptoms of Ergotism

A

Cause vasoconstriction of arterioles to reduce blood flow to extremities- lameness is an early sign
Other signs are peripheral tissue sloughing on tail, ears, and limbs in winter months

29
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of ergotism

A

Finding sclerotia in pastures or grain and need to remove food or animals from pasture, rotating crops can reduce incidence- only survives in environment for a year

30
Q

Mycotoxin detection requires what

A

To identify mycotoxin so sampling is critical and immunoassays (ELISA) will provide a rapid diagnosis

31
Q

How to manage mycotoxin in feed

A

Limit moisture post harvest, dispose of contaminated feed by burning or blend bad feed with clean feed or feed to non-susceptible species or add chelators to feed to bind toxins

32
Q

What is sensitive to Trichothecenes

A

all animal species

33
Q

Trichothecenes most prevalent mycotoxin is what

A

vomitoxin

34
Q

What animals are most sensitive to fumonisin

A

Horses and swine

35
Q

What produces fumonisin

A

Fusarium moniliforme

Bacteriology (20 decks)

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