Mutations Flashcards
What is the importance of mutations
- source of genetic variation
- identifying mutant genes that alter development are useful for identifying the function of that gene
types of base substitutions
transition
transversion
types of insertions and deletions
frameshift
in-frame
most common cause of insertions and deletions
unequal crossing over
strands slippage
what are expanding nucleotide repeats
increase in the number of a copy of a set of nucleotides
causes of SPONTANEOUS REPLICATION ERRORS
tautomeric shifts
mispairing due to other structures
incorporation errors
replication errors
what is the cause of SPONTANEOUS CHEMICAL CHANGES
deamination: loss of an amino group from a base
causes of chemically INDUCED mutations
- alkylating agents: donate alky group
- deamination:nitrous acid
- hydroxylamine: add hydroxyl group
which strand of DNA does mRNA use as its template
3’
What are the effects of radiation
-greatly increase mutation rates
what is a pyrimidine dimer
two thymine bases the block replication
what is the SOS system in bacteria
it allows the bacteria cells to bypass the replication block with a mutation-prone pathway
