chloroplasts, apoptosis, endomembranes

Question 1

what is oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 1

app synthesis in the mitochondria

Question 2

describe light dependent reactions

Answer 2

• occur in thylakoid membrane
• chlorophyll in light harvesting complex
• electrons enter ETC
• H+ pumped into thylakoid lumen

Question 3

where do light dependent reaction occur

Answer 3

light dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes

Question 4

chloroplasts have how many membranes

Answer 4

chloroplasts have 3 membranes

Question 5

what are the three membranes of chloroplasts

Answer 5

inner, thylakoid, outer

Question 6

where is the lumen

Answer 6

in the thylakoid membrane

Question 7

where is chlorophyll found

Answer 7

light harvesting complexes

Question 8

describe light-independent reactions

Answer 8

(dark reactions, Calvin cycle)

• occur in stroma
• ATP (and NADPH) made in light reaction used to make CH2O

Question 9

what is another term for light-independent reactions

Answer 9

dark reactions or Calvin reactions

Question 10

what is used to make CH2O

Answer 10

in independent-light reactions, ATP or NADPH is used

Question 11

what is apoptosis

Answer 11

programmed cell death

Question 12

how is apoptosis characterized

Answer 12

• shrinkage of cells
• blebbing of plasma membrane
• fragmentation of DNA and nucleus
• loss of attachment to other cells
• engulfment by phagocytosis

Question 13

describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Answer 13

• initiated by intracellular stimuli (such as genetic damage, hypoxia, or a virus)
• “killer” proteins stimulate mitochondrial to leak protein (cytochrome c)
• release of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins commits the cell to apoptosis

Question 14

how is apoptosis initiated

Answer 14

apoptosis is initiated by internal stimuli

like things such as genetic damage, hypoxia, or a virus

Question 15

“killer” _____ stimulate mitochondria to leak proteins

Answer 15

killer proteins stimulate mitochondria to leak proteins

Question 16

what commits the cell to apoptosis

Answer 16

release of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins commit the cell to apoptosis

Question 17

what does caspases lead to

Answer 17

disrupts cell adhesion
destroys laming
activates DNase (genome breakdown)
breaks down cytoskeleton

Question 18

describe the cytoplasmic membrane system

Answer 18

• membrane bound organelle and vesicles

- etensive network of membranous canals and stacks of “sacks” (cisternae)

Question 19

describe the polarized structure of a secretory vesicle

Answer 19

• secrete protein (mucin, a glycoprotein component of mucus)
• synthesized in rough er
• produced in er
• further processed in Golgi
• concentrated in vesicles
• delivered to plasma membrane

Question 20

where are secretory proteins synthesized

Answer 20

secretory proteins are synthesized in the rough er

Question 21

where are secretory proteins processed

Answer 21

smooth er and then further processed in the Golgi

Question 22

where are secretory proteins stored

Answer 22

secretory proteins are tiered in vesicles, awaiting delivery to plasma membrane

Question 23

describe two pathways of vesicular transport

Answer 23

1) organelle -> plasma membrane (and rise versa)

2) organelle->organelle

Question 24

describe transport vesicles

Answer 24

small, spherical,membrane-enclosed organelles that bud off sonar compartment and fuse with acceptor to recipient compartment

Question 25

four steps of trafficking vesicles to a compartment:

Answer 25

1) movement of vesicle - uses cytoskeleton and motor proteins 2) tethering vesicle to target compartment - via proteins called RABS and tethering proteins 3) docking of vesicle to target compartment - using SNARE proteins 4) fusion of vesicle and target membrane

Question 26

short hand of vesicular traffic

Answer 26

the membrane protein (fused to GFP) starts in th ER, gets concentrated in the Golgi, and then shows up at PM

Question 27

how does the membrane jump from compartment to compartment

Answer 27

-orientation of a transmembrane protein with respect to the cytoplasm and the interior of membrane-bound compartments is maintained during it travel through the endomembrane system

Question 28

what is excotysis

Answer 28

organelle-> PM

Question 29

what is endocytosis

Answer 29

PM-> organelle

Question 30

the smooth ER lacks ___ and is the primary site of ______

Answer 30

the smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is the primary site of lipid synthesis

Question 31

functions of the smooth er

Answer 31

- lipid synthesis - production of steroid hormones (endocrine cells) - detoxification (eg in liver cells) - contains enzymes that modify foreign compounds - storage of calcium

Question 32

what is the smooth er called in muscles

Answer 32

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 33

what are capsizes

Answer 33

proteins that activate proteins that are involved in dismantling the cell

Question 34

main use of apoptosis

Answer 34

eliminates redundant or damaged cells

Question 35

not enough apoptosis is associated with ?

Answer 35

cancer

Question 36

too much apoptosis is associated with ?

Answer 36

neurodegenerative diseases

Question 37

what does the endomembrane system mediate

Answer 37

the endomembrane system membrane mediates exocytosis and endocytosis via vesicular transport

Question 38

photophosphorylation

Answer 38

creates ATP and NADPH