chloroplasts, apoptosis, endomembranes Flashcards

-chloroplasts and photophosphorylation -mitochondria and programmed cell death -the endomembrane system and trafficking

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1
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

app synthesis in the mitochondria

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2
Q

describe light dependent reactions

A
  • occur in thylakoid membrane
  • chlorophyll in light harvesting complex
  • electrons enter ETC
  • H+ pumped into thylakoid lumen
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3
Q

where do light dependent reaction occur

A

light dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes

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4
Q

chloroplasts have how many membranes

A

chloroplasts have 3 membranes

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5
Q

what are the three membranes of chloroplasts

A

inner, thylakoid, outer

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6
Q

where is the lumen

A

in the thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

where is chlorophyll found

A

light harvesting complexes

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8
Q

describe light-independent reactions

A

(dark reactions, Calvin cycle)

  • occur in stroma
  • ATP (and NADPH) made in light reaction used to make CH2O
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9
Q

what is another term for light-independent reactions

A

dark reactions or Calvin reactions

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10
Q

what is used to make CH2O

A

in independent-light reactions, ATP or NADPH is used

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11
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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12
Q

how is apoptosis characterized

A
  • shrinkage of cells
  • blebbing of plasma membrane
  • fragmentation of DNA and nucleus
  • loss of attachment to other cells
  • engulfment by phagocytosis
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13
Q

describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A
  • initiated by intracellular stimuli (such as genetic damage, hypoxia, or a virus)
  • “killer” proteins stimulate mitochondrial to leak protein (cytochrome c)
  • release of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins commits the cell to apoptosis
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14
Q

how is apoptosis initiated

A

apoptosis is initiated by internal stimuli

like things such as genetic damage, hypoxia, or a virus

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15
Q

“killer” _____ stimulate mitochondria to leak proteins

A

killer proteins stimulate mitochondria to leak proteins

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16
Q

what commits the cell to apoptosis

A

release of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins commit the cell to apoptosis

17
Q

what does caspases lead to

A

disrupts cell adhesion
destroys laming
activates DNase (genome breakdown)
breaks down cytoskeleton

18
Q

describe the cytoplasmic membrane system

A
  • membrane bound organelle and vesicles

- etensive network of membranous canals and stacks of “sacks” (cisternae)

19
Q

describe the polarized structure of a secretory vesicle

A
  • secrete protein (mucin, a glycoprotein component of mucus)
  • synthesized in rough er
  • produced in er
  • further processed in Golgi
  • concentrated in vesicles
  • delivered to plasma membrane
20
Q

where are secretory proteins synthesized

A

secretory proteins are synthesized in the rough er

21
Q

where are secretory proteins processed

A

smooth er and then further processed in the Golgi

22
Q

where are secretory proteins stored

A

secretory proteins are tiered in vesicles, awaiting delivery to plasma membrane

23
Q

describe two pathways of vesicular transport

A

1) organelle -> plasma membrane (and rise versa)

2) organelle->organelle

24
Q

describe transport vesicles

A

small, spherical,membrane-enclosed organelles that bud off sonar compartment and fuse with acceptor to recipient compartment

25
Q

four steps of trafficking vesicles to a compartment:

A

1) movement of vesicle
- uses cytoskeleton and motor proteins
2) tethering vesicle to target compartment
- via proteins called RABS and tethering proteins
3) docking of vesicle to target compartment
- using SNARE proteins
4) fusion of vesicle and target membrane

26
Q

short hand of vesicular traffic

A

the membrane protein (fused to GFP) starts in th ER, gets concentrated in the Golgi, and then shows up at PM

27
Q

how does the membrane jump from compartment to compartment

A

-orientation of a transmembrane protein with respect to the cytoplasm and the interior of membrane-bound compartments is maintained during it travel through the endomembrane system

28
Q

what is excotysis

A

organelle-> PM

29
Q

what is endocytosis

A

PM-> organelle

30
Q

the smooth ER lacks ___ and is the primary site of ______

A

the smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is the primary site of lipid synthesis

31
Q

functions of the smooth er

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • production of steroid hormones (endocrine cells)
  • detoxification (eg in liver cells)
  • contains enzymes that modify foreign compounds
  • storage of calcium
32
Q

what is the smooth er called in muscles

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

what are capsizes

A

proteins that activate proteins that are involved in dismantling the cell

34
Q

main use of apoptosis

A

eliminates redundant or damaged cells

35
Q

not enough apoptosis is associated with ?

A

cancer

36
Q

too much apoptosis is associated with ?

A

neurodegenerative diseases

37
Q

what does the endomembrane system mediate

A

the endomembrane system membrane mediates exocytosis and endocytosis via vesicular transport

38
Q

photophosphorylation

A

creates ATP and NADPH