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BIO 1090 > Mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle, cancer > Flashcards

Mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle, cancer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define cell division

A

the process cells use to make more cells

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2
Q

what is the purpose of cell division (4)

A

growth, healing, cell replacement, reproduction

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3
Q

what types of cells does mitosis occur in

A

stem cells

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4
Q

what types of cells does meiosis occur in

A

germ or sex cells

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5
Q

describe the genome of eukaryotes

A

small and linear, dna found in nucleus

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6
Q

in eukaryotes, where is the dna found

A

in the nucleus

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7
Q

describe the genome of prokaryotes

A

large and circular, dna found in cytoplasm

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8
Q

in prokaryotes. where is the dna found

A

in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

what is the order in which the cell cycle occurs

A

G1, S, G2, M, Inter

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10
Q

what is the G1 phase

A

growth, cellular metabolism
specific regulatory proteins are made and activated. once activated, these proteins (kinases) then promote the activity of enzymes that synthesize dna

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11
Q

what is the S phase

A

synthesis- dna replication aka chromosome duplication

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12
Q

which step of the cell cycle is for the chromosome duplication

A

S (synthesis)

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13
Q

what is the g2 phase

A

preparation for mitosis

size and protein content of the cell increase

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14
Q

which stage of the cell cycle gets the cell prepared for mitosis

A

g2

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15
Q

what is the m phase

A

mitosis : chromosomal separation and cytokinesis

lasts about an hour

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16
Q

what is the interphase

A

the time between successive mitosis

replication of dna, increase3in cell size so each daughter cell receives sifficient cytoplasm

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17
Q

what is g0

A

quiescente cells that exit the cell cycle because they do not need to be replicated

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18
Q

what happens in mitotic cell division

A

a single parent divides into two daughter cells

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19
Q

what are the steps of mitosis

A

prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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20
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromosomes condense. chromosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite poles

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21
Q

what happens in pro metaphase

A

microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

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22
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes align in centre of cell

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23
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and travel to opposite poles

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24
Q

what happens in telophase

A

nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes decondense

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25
Q

describe cytokinesis

A

contractile ring cuts one cell into two

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26
Q

what is ploidy

A

the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell

27
Q

do ploidy levels in mitosis change

A

amount of dna changes but not the ploidy level

28
Q

describe meiosis

A

diploid to haploid: two cell divisions: one mother cell turning into four unique daughter cells

29
Q

mitosis results in

A

two identical daughter cells

30
Q

meiosis results in

A

four unique, haploid daughter cells

31
Q

what are the steps of meiosis

A

pmat(homologous chromosomes separate) pmat(sister chromatids separate)

32
Q

describe prophase1 in meiosis

A

chromosomes become visible, homologous chromosomes continue to condense, each pair forms a bivalent, nuclear envelope begins to break down

33
Q

describe anaphase 1and telophase1 in meiosis

A

homologous chromosomes separate, daughter cells are ready to move to prophase 2

34
Q

describe metaphase 1 in meiosis

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes aligned in centre, mitotic spindle attached to mono-orientated kinetochores on sister chromatids, recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes

35
Q

what phase does recombination occur in

A

metaphase 1

36
Q

three similarities between meiosis and mitosis

A

mitotic spindles attached to both sister chromatids
separation of sister chromatids
alignment of al chromosomes along equilateral plate

37
Q

three differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

only one of the homologues in metaphase 2
only recombined chromosomes in meiosis
half the number of chromosomes in metaphase 2

38
Q

why can’t cell division occur all the time

A

uncontrolled division is dangerous and can lead to cancer

39
Q

what controls the cell cycle

A

proteins (cyclins) and enzymes that appear in a cycle fashion

40
Q

what is the dna replication checkpoint

A

checks for the presence of unreplicated DNA at the end of G2

41
Q

what is the dna damage check point

A

checks for damaged dna before the s phase

42
Q

what s the spindle assembly checkpoint

A

checks for all chromosomes being attached to the spindle before the cell progresses with mitosis

43
Q

order of the cell cycle checkpoints

A

dna damage check point (before s)
dna replication checkpoint (before m)
spindle assembly checkpoint before mitosis

44
Q

how does the dam damage checkpoint work

A

dna damage activates protein kinases that phosphorylate P13 (protein found in nucleus), then p13 acts as a transcription factor that turns on gene that inhibits the cell cycle.

45
Q

define oncogene

A

cancer-causing gene

46
Q

descrive pro-oncogenes

A

normal genes important in cell division that have the potential to become cancerous if mutated

47
Q

describe a tumor surpressor

A

genes that encode proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell division

48
Q

how do prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fission

49
Q

what is FTSZ

A

protein present in the genomes of diverse bacteria, also evolutionarily related to tubulin

50
Q

what is tubulin

A

makes up the dynamic microtubules found in eukaryotic cells

51
Q

histones

A

organized dna, packages chromospmes

52
Q

what is a centromere

A

holds chromatids together

53
Q

what is a mitotic spindle

A

created outside the nucleus, made up of microtubules that pull the chromosomes into separate daughter cells

54
Q

what is tubulin dimers

A

assemble around centromere, which form the microtubules that radiate from the centrosomes. form the mitotic spindle

55
Q

what is the contractive ring

A

ring of actin filaments that pinch cytoplasm

56
Q

what is the chiasmata

A

visible manifestation of a crossover; the physical breakage and reunion between non-sister chromatids

57
Q

define bivalent

A

two pairs of sister chromatids

58
Q

meiosis 1

A

sometimes describes as reductional division because it reduces the number of chromosomes in daughter cells by half

59
Q

which protein controls passage through the cell

A

protein phosphorylation

60
Q

what are kinases

A

proteins that phosphorylate other proteins (enzymes)

61
Q

what are cyclins

A

proteins that activate kinases

62
Q

g1 cyclin

A

activates a protein that promotes the expression of histone proteins needed for packaging the newly replicated dna

63
Q

S cyclin

A

necessary for the cell to initiate dna synthesis. activates enzymes and proteins necessary for dna replication.

64
Q

cycin

A

triggers breakdown of the nuclear envelope, as well as proteins that regulate the assembly of tubulin into microtubules, promoting formation of the mitotic spindle

BIO 1090 (22 decks)

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