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Medical Terminology > Musculoskeletal System Ch. 15 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Ch. 15 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bone

A

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton.

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2
Q

bone depression

A

opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood and ligaments.

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3
Q

bone process

A

enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

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4
Q

calcium

A

one of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones

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5
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

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6
Q

cartilage

A

flexible, connective tissue; found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces

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7
Q

collagen

A

dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues.

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8
Q

compact bone

A

hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones

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9
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft, or mid-portion, of a long bone

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10
Q

disk

A

flat, round, plate-like structure.

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11
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton.

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12
Q

epiphysis

A

each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate

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13
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

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14
Q

ligament

A

fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones. Ligaments are bands, or strands, located in and around joints.

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15
Q

osseous tissue

A

bone tissue

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16
Q

ossification

A

process of bone formation

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17
Q

osteoblast

A

bone cell that helps from bony tissue

blast = immature

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18
Q

periosteum

A

membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue

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19
Q

sinus

A

hollow air cavity within a bone

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20
Q

tendon

A

fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles and bones

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21
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

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22
Q

vertebra

A

individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transeverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal and spinal cord.

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23
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint

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24
Q

articulation

A

any type of joint

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25
Q

bursa (plural: bursae)

A

sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth gliding of one tissue against another

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26
Q

meniscus

A

crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee

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27
Q

suture joint

A

immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull

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28
Q

synovial cavity

A

space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

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29
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity. it is similar in viscosity to egg white; this accounts for the origin of the term (syn=like, ov/o=egg)

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30
Q

synovial joint

A

a freely movable joint

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31
Q

synovial membrane

A

tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid

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32
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

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33
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body

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34
Q

dorsiflexion

A

upward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion

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35
Q

extension

A

straightening of a flexed limb; increasing the angle between the bones of a joint

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36
Q

fascia

A

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.

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37
Q

flexion

A

bending the limb; decreasing the angle between bones

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38
Q

insertion of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves; usually distal on the skeleton

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39
Q

origin of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves; usually proximal on the skeleton

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40
Q

plantar flexion

A

downward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion

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41
Q

pronation

A

turning the palm downward.

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42
Q

rotation

A

circular movement around a central point. internal rotation is toward the center of the body. external rotation is away from the center of the body

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43
Q

striated muscle

A

muscle connected to the bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle

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44
Q

supination

A

turning the palm upward

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45
Q

visceral muscle

A

muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle

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46
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

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47
Q

ethmoid bone

A

supports nasal cavity and eye sockets

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48
Q

frontal bone

A

forehead; part of the eye sockets

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49
Q

occipital bone

A

back and base of skull

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50
Q

parietal bones

A

top and sides of skull

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51
Q

sphenoid bone

A

base of skull and behind eyes (bat-shaped bone

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52
Q

temporal bones

A

lower sides and back of skull

53
Q

lacrimal bones

A

corners of each eye

54
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

55
Q

maxillae

A

upper jawbone

56
Q

nasal bones

A

bridge and septum of nose

57
Q

vomer

A

nasal septum (thin. flat bone)

58
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheek bones

59
Q

acetabulum

A

hip socket

60
Q

calcaneus

A

heel

61
Q

carpals

A

wrist bones

62
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

63
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

64
Q

cranium

A

skull

65
Q

femur

A

thigh bone

66
Q

fibula

A

smaller of the two bones lower leg bones

67
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

68
Q

ilium

A

upper part of pelvic bone

69
Q

ischium

A

inferior or lower part of the pelvic bone

70
Q

malleolus

A

ankle

71
Q

metacarpals

A

hand bones

72
Q

metatarsals

A

midfoot bones

73
Q

olecranon

A

elbow

74
Q

patella

A

kneecap

75
Q

phalanges

A

finger and toe bones

76
Q

pubis

A

anterior part of the pelvic bone

77
Q

radius

A

forearm bone – thumb side

78
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

79
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

80
Q

tarsals

A

hindfoot and midfoot bones

81
Q

tibia

A

shin bone – larger of the two lower leg bones

82
Q

ulnia

A

forearm bone – little finger side

83
Q

vertebra

A

backbone-spine

84
Q

ewing sarcoma

A

rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children

85
Q

exostosis

A

bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone

86
Q

fracture

A

traumatic breaking of a bone

87
Q

osteogenic sarcoma (oesteosarcoma)

A

common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolscents

88
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening obone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone

89
Q

asteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection

90
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone

91
Q

talipes

A

congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)

92
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of any joint

93
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of spinal joints, primarily of the spine

94
Q

gouty arthritis (gout)

A

inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body

95
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces

96
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.

97
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist.

98
Q

dislocation

A

displacement of a bone from its joint

99
Q

ganglion cyst

A

fluid-filling sac arising from joint capsules or tendons

100
Q

herniation of an intervertebral disk

A

abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves

101
Q

lyme disease (lyme arthritis)

A

chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise; cause is bacterium carried by a tick

102
Q

sprain

A

trauma to a joint with swelling and injury to ligaments

103
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs.

104
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between tow bones; bending a limb

105
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones; straightening our a limb

106
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

107
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body

108
Q

rotation

A

circular movement around an axis (central point) internal is toward center and external is away from center

109
Q

dorsiflexion

A

decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward , toward the knee or ceiling.

110
Q

plantar flexion

A

motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on gas pedal.
plant/o = sole of foot

111
Q

supination

A

as applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm up. applied to foot, it is outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion

112
Q

pronation

A

applied to hand and forearm, where elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm down. applied to foot, inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion.

113
Q

antinuclear antibody test (ANA)

A

detects an antibody often present in serum oof patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases.

114
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube

115
Q

rheumatoid factor test (RF)

A

serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis

116
Q

serum calcium

A

measurement of calcium level in serum

117
Q

serum creatine kinase

A

measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum

118
Q

uric acid test

A

measurement of the uric acid in serum

119
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

120
Q

arthrography

A

taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint

121
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair or replacement of a joint

122
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor

123
Q

bone density test (bone densitometry)

A

low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal cplumn, pelvis, and wrist is uesed to measure bone mass

124
Q

bone scan

A

uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone

125
Q

computed tomography (CT Scan)

A

x-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images

126
Q

diskography

A

x-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertbral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus

127
Q

electromyography (EMG Scan)

A

recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation

128
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high resolution images of soft tissue

129
Q

muscle biopsy

A

removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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