Musculoskeletal System Ch. 15 Flashcards
bone
dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton.
bone depression
opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood and ligaments.
bone process
enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
calcium
one of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
cartilage
flexible, connective tissue; found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces
collagen
dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues.
compact bone
hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones
diaphysis
shaft, or mid-portion, of a long bone
disk
flat, round, plate-like structure.
epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton.
epiphysis
each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate
foramen magnum
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
ligament
fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones. Ligaments are bands, or strands, located in and around joints.
osseous tissue
bone tissue
ossification
process of bone formation
osteoblast
bone cell that helps from bony tissue
blast = immature
periosteum
membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue
sinus
hollow air cavity within a bone
tendon
fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles and bones
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
vertebra
individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transeverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal and spinal cord.
articular cartilage
smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint
articulation
any type of joint
bursa (plural: bursae)
sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth gliding of one tissue against another
meniscus
crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee
suture joint
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
synovial fluid
viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity. it is similar in viscosity to egg white; this accounts for the origin of the term (syn=like, ov/o=egg)
synovial joint
a freely movable joint
synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
dorsiflexion
upward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion
extension
straightening of a flexed limb; increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.
flexion
bending the limb; decreasing the angle between bones
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a bone that moves; usually distal on the skeleton
origin of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a bone that moves; usually proximal on the skeleton
plantar flexion
downward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion
pronation
turning the palm downward.
rotation
circular movement around a central point. internal rotation is toward the center of the body. external rotation is away from the center of the body
striated muscle
muscle connected to the bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle
supination
turning the palm upward
visceral muscle
muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
ethmoid bone
supports nasal cavity and eye sockets
frontal bone
forehead; part of the eye sockets
occipital bone
back and base of skull
parietal bones
top and sides of skull
sphenoid bone
base of skull and behind eyes (bat-shaped bone
temporal bones
lower sides and back of skull
lacrimal bones
corners of each eye
mandible
lower jaw bone
maxillae
upper jawbone
nasal bones
bridge and septum of nose
vomer
nasal septum (thin. flat bone)
zygomatic bones
cheek bones
acetabulum
hip socket
calcaneus
heel
carpals
wrist bones
clavicle
collar bone
coccyx
tailbone
cranium
skull
femur
thigh bone
fibula
smaller of the two bones lower leg bones
humerus
upper arm bone
ilium
upper part of pelvic bone
ischium
inferior or lower part of the pelvic bone
malleolus
ankle
metacarpals
hand bones
metatarsals
midfoot bones
olecranon
elbow
patella
kneecap
phalanges
finger and toe bones
pubis
anterior part of the pelvic bone
radius
forearm bone – thumb side
scapula
shoulder blade
sternum
breastbone
tarsals
hindfoot and midfoot bones
tibia
shin bone – larger of the two lower leg bones
ulnia
forearm bone – little finger side
vertebra
backbone-spine
ewing sarcoma
rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children
exostosis
bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
fracture
traumatic breaking of a bone
osteogenic sarcoma (oesteosarcoma)
common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolscents
osteomalacia
softening obone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone
asteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone
talipes
congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
arthritis
inflammation of any joint
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of spinal joints, primarily of the spine
gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
osteoarthritis (OA)
Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist.
dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
ganglion cyst
fluid-filling sac arising from joint capsules or tendons
herniation of an intervertebral disk
abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
lyme disease (lyme arthritis)
chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise; cause is bacterium carried by a tick
sprain
trauma to a joint with swelling and injury to ligaments
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs.
flexion
decreasing the angle between tow bones; bending a limb
extension
increasing the angle between two bones; straightening our a limb
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
rotation
circular movement around an axis (central point) internal is toward center and external is away from center
dorsiflexion
decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward , toward the knee or ceiling.
plantar flexion
motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on gas pedal.
plant/o = sole of foot
supination
as applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm up. applied to foot, it is outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion
pronation
applied to hand and forearm, where elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm down. applied to foot, inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion.
antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
detects an antibody often present in serum oof patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases.
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis
serum calcium
measurement of calcium level in serum
serum creatine kinase
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum
uric acid test
measurement of the uric acid in serum
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
arthrography
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
arthroplasty
surgical repair or replacement of a joint
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor
bone density test (bone densitometry)
low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal cplumn, pelvis, and wrist is uesed to measure bone mass
bone scan
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
computed tomography (CT Scan)
x-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images
diskography
x-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertbral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus
electromyography (EMG Scan)
recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high resolution images of soft tissue
muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
