Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
bones of the upper limb (8)
- shoulder girdle - scapula, clavicle
- arm - humerus
- forearm - radius, ulna
- hand - carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
what does the clavicle connect?
- upper limb to trunk
what does the clavicle articulate with? (3)
- manubrium of the sternum
- acromion of the scapula
- radius and ulna at the elbow joint
what type of bone is the clavicle?
- curved long bone
what does the scapula articulate?
- clavicle
where does the glenoid cavity in the scapula articulate?
- head of the humerous (glenohumeral joint)
what type of bone is the scapula and what ribs does it overlies?
- flat bone
- overlies ribs 2-7
what range of movement does the scapula have?
- considerable
Types of movements of the pectoral girdle (5)
- retraction
- protraction
- elevation
- depression
- upward rotation
what is the largest bone in the upper limb?
- humerous
what does the humerous articulate with?
- scapula at the glenoid fossa
what type of bone is the humerous
- long bone
what type of joint is the shoulder joint?
ball and socket joint
movement at the shoulder joint
- flexion, extension
- medial rotation, lateral rotation
- abduction, adduction
- circumduction
what and where is the ulna? (3)
- medial
- longer than radius
- stabilising bone
what type of bone is the radius?
- long bone
what do the radius and ulna articulate with? (3)
- each other
- humerous
- carpal bone
movements of the elbow
- extension
- flexion
where is the elbow?
- proximal end of the ulna
movement of the ulna and radius (2)
- head of radius rotates within a ligament ‘collar’ at radial notch of ulna
- supination and pronation
different types of joints (4)
- hinge
- pivot
- saddle
- ball and socket
why are ligaments important? (3)
- stability
- strength
- reinforces/strengthens joint capsules
ligaments in elbow (2)
- annular ligaments - hold radial head in place, important for motions of pronation and supination
- collateral ligaments - connects radius/ulna with humerous
nerve supply to the upper limb (2)
- brachial plexus - supplies skin and muscularature of upper limb (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)
- terminal branches - musuloctaneous nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve
what is the axilla?
- armpit
where is the brachial plexus located?
- axilla
where is the axilla?
- inferiomedial to the glenohumeral joint
what is in the axilla? (4)
- brachial plexus
- axillary artery & vein
- lymph nodes
- muscle tendons
compartments of the upper limb
- anterior - pronation compartment
- posterior - supination compartment
movements from the anterior compartment
- flexion - at the elbow, wrist, digits
- abduction and adduction at the wrist
- pronation of the forearm
movements from the posterior compartment
- extension - at the elbow, wrist, digits
- abduction and adduction at the wrist
- supination of the forearm
what muscles are in the anterior compartment? (3)
- arm - biceps brachi
- forearm - flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis
nerve supply to anterior compartment (3)
- arm - musculocutaneous nerve
- forearm - median nerve and ulnar nerve
movements posterior compartment
- extension - at the elbow wrist and digits
- abduction and adduction of the wrist
- supination of the forearm
what muscles are in the posterior compartment?
- arm - triceps
- forearm - extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus
functions of the skeleton (5)
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral storage
- haematopoiesis
how many bones are in newborn skeleton?
> 300
how many bones in mature adult skeleton?
- 206
why is the number of bones in newborn and adult skeleton different?
- newborn skeleton comprised mostly of cartilage with some small bony segments that eventually fuse together to form a single bone
4 main classification of bones
- long
- short
- irregular
- flat
structure of a long bone (4)
- epiphysis (head)
- diaphysis (shaft)
- epiphysis
- nutrient foramina
internal long bone structre (4)
- spongy bone
- medullary cavity
- periosteum
- compact bone
cross section of long bone
- tubercle - compact and spongy bone
- groove - medullary cavity
- shaft (body) - compact and medullary cavity
what is ossification?
- process that produces new bone tissue
three main cell types in ossification
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
- osteocytes
two methods of ossification
- endochondral ossification - occurs in most bones
- intramembranous ossification - occurs in clavicle and skull bones
type of a cartilage at end of bones
hyaline
hip joint movements
- flexion, extension
- abduction, adduction
- medial, lateral rotation
- curcumduction
movements of ankle joint (3)
- dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
- inversion/ eversion
- circumduction
nerve supply to the lower limb (6)
- lumboscaral plexus
- femoral nerve
- sciatic nerve
- obturator
- superficial, deep fibular nerve (perineal nerves)
- tibial nerve
