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HB2 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the upper limb (8)

A
  • shoulder girdle - scapula, clavicle
  • arm - humerus
  • forearm - radius, ulna
  • hand - carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
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2
Q

what does the clavicle connect?

A
  • upper limb to trunk
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3
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with? (3)

A
  • manubrium of the sternum
  • acromion of the scapula
  • radius and ulna at the elbow joint
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4
Q

what type of bone is the clavicle?

A
  • curved long bone
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5
Q

what does the scapula articulate?

A
  • clavicle
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6
Q

where does the glenoid cavity in the scapula articulate?

A
  • head of the humerous (glenohumeral joint)
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7
Q

what type of bone is the scapula and what ribs does it overlies?

A
  • flat bone
  • overlies ribs 2-7
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8
Q

what range of movement does the scapula have?

A
  • considerable
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9
Q

Types of movements of the pectoral girdle (5)

A
  • retraction
  • protraction
  • elevation
  • depression
  • upward rotation
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10
Q

what is the largest bone in the upper limb?

A
  • humerous
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11
Q

what does the humerous articulate with?

A
  • scapula at the glenoid fossa
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12
Q

what type of bone is the humerous

A
  • long bone
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13
Q

what type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

ball and socket joint

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14
Q

movement at the shoulder joint

A
  • flexion, extension
  • medial rotation, lateral rotation
  • abduction, adduction
  • circumduction
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15
Q

what and where is the ulna? (3)

A
  • medial
  • longer than radius
  • stabilising bone
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16
Q

what type of bone is the radius?

A
  • long bone
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17
Q

what do the radius and ulna articulate with? (3)

A
  • each other
  • humerous
  • carpal bone
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18
Q

movements of the elbow

A
  • extension
  • flexion
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19
Q

where is the elbow?

A
  • proximal end of the ulna
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20
Q

movement of the ulna and radius (2)

A
  • head of radius rotates within a ligament ‘collar’ at radial notch of ulna
  • supination and pronation
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21
Q

different types of joints (4)

A
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
22
Q

why are ligaments important? (3)

A
  • stability
  • strength
  • reinforces/strengthens joint capsules
23
Q

ligaments in elbow (2)

A
  • annular ligaments - hold radial head in place, important for motions of pronation and supination
  • collateral ligaments - connects radius/ulna with humerous
24
Q

nerve supply to the upper limb (2)

A
  • brachial plexus - supplies skin and muscularature of upper limb (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)
  • terminal branches - musuloctaneous nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve
25
Q

what is the axilla?

A
  • armpit
26
Q

where is the brachial plexus located?

A
  • axilla
27
Q

where is the axilla?

A
  • inferiomedial to the glenohumeral joint
28
Q

what is in the axilla? (4)

A
  • brachial plexus
  • axillary artery & vein
  • lymph nodes
  • muscle tendons
29
Q

compartments of the upper limb

A
  • anterior - pronation compartment
  • posterior - supination compartment
30
Q

movements from the anterior compartment

A
  • flexion - at the elbow, wrist, digits
  • abduction and adduction at the wrist
  • pronation of the forearm
31
Q

movements from the posterior compartment

A
  • extension - at the elbow, wrist, digits
  • abduction and adduction at the wrist
  • supination of the forearm
32
Q

what muscles are in the anterior compartment? (3)

A
  • arm - biceps brachi
  • forearm - flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis
33
Q

nerve supply to anterior compartment (3)

A
  • arm - musculocutaneous nerve
  • forearm - median nerve and ulnar nerve
34
Q

movements posterior compartment

A
  • extension - at the elbow wrist and digits
  • abduction and adduction of the wrist
  • supination of the forearm
35
Q

what muscles are in the posterior compartment?

A
  • arm - triceps
  • forearm - extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus
36
Q

functions of the skeleton (5)

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • mineral storage
  • haematopoiesis
37
Q

how many bones are in newborn skeleton?

A

> 300

38
Q

how many bones in mature adult skeleton?

A
  • 206
39
Q

why is the number of bones in newborn and adult skeleton different?

A
  • newborn skeleton comprised mostly of cartilage with some small bony segments that eventually fuse together to form a single bone
40
Q

4 main classification of bones

A
  • long
  • short
  • irregular
  • flat
41
Q

structure of a long bone (4)

A
  • epiphysis (head)
  • diaphysis (shaft)
  • epiphysis
  • nutrient foramina
42
Q

internal long bone structre (4)

A
  • spongy bone
  • medullary cavity
  • periosteum
  • compact bone
43
Q

cross section of long bone

A
  • tubercle - compact and spongy bone
  • groove - medullary cavity
  • shaft (body) - compact and medullary cavity
44
Q

what is ossification?

A
  • process that produces new bone tissue
45
Q

three main cell types in ossification

A
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
  • osteocytes
46
Q

two methods of ossification

A
  • endochondral ossification - occurs in most bones
  • intramembranous ossification - occurs in clavicle and skull bones
47
Q

type of a cartilage at end of bones

A

hyaline

48
Q

hip joint movements

A
  • flexion, extension
  • abduction, adduction
  • medial, lateral rotation
  • curcumduction
49
Q

movements of ankle joint (3)

A
  • dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
  • inversion/ eversion
  • circumduction
50
Q

nerve supply to the lower limb (6)

A
  • lumboscaral plexus
  • femoral nerve
  • sciatic nerve
  • obturator
  • superficial, deep fibular nerve (perineal nerves)
  • tibial nerve

HB2 (12 decks)

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