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HB2 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is cytology?

A
  • study of cells
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2
Q

what is histology?

A
  • study of the microscopic structures of tissues
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3
Q

levels of cellular organisation

A
  • specialised cell types
  • tissues
  • organ
  • organ system
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4
Q

preparation tissues for histology study

A
  • cutting the tissue
  • fixation and processing
  • tissue embedding in paraffin
  • block cut to make slices
  • slide staining
  • microscopic evaultion
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5
Q

why do specimens to be studied have to be thin for light microscope?

A
  • to allow light to pass through
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6
Q

why is it important to put tissue through a complex process before microscopy?

A
  • as when thinly sliced it is transparent/translucent so needs to be stained to be seen
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7
Q

parenchyma vs stroma

A
  • parenchyma is the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the stroma (connective and supporting tissue)
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8
Q

what are artifacts?

A
  • foreign substances or tissue alterations due to preparation process
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9
Q

define tissues

A
  • organised aggregations of cells that function in collective manner
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10
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A
  • covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
  • forms glands
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11
Q

what is connective tissue?

A
  • underlies or supports the other three basic tissues, both structuralaly or functionally
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12
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A
  • comprimises contractile cells and is responsible for movement
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13
Q

what are nerve tissues?

A
  • recieves, transmits, and integrates both external and internal information to control activities of the body
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14
Q

epithelia characteristics

A
  • covering/lining membranes- free surface
    free surfaces are characteristics of the structure lined
  • cells always contiguous - usually joined by specialised cell-to-cell junctions (barrier between free surface and deeper tissue)
  • minimal intercellular space
  • ‘simple’ or multiple ‘stratified’ layers of cells
  • shape of surface cells (apical) may be flat, square/short rectangular, rectangular or globular
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15
Q

epithelia cell shape characteristics

A
  • generally avascular
  • cells separated from underlying tissue by a basement membrane or ‘basal lamina’
  • cells exhibit ‘polarity’ with distinct apical, lateral and basal aspects
  • classification based on cell shape and number of layers (not function)
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16
Q

epithelia functions

A
  • protection/seperation- areas within the body/underlying tissue from the outside world e.g. from dehydration or pathogens
  • help hold tissues together
  • thermoregulation
  • hormone release or transformation
    absoption
    synthesis
    excretion
    control of permeability
    sensory
    ummuneresponse
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17
Q

simple epithelia types, locations and major functions

A
  • stratified squamous - epidermis, barrier and protection
  • stratified cuboidal - sweat gland ducts, barrier and conduct
  • stratified columnar - exocrine glands, barrier and conduct
  • traditional - renal, uterus, bladder, barrier, disposable property
18
Q

skeletal muscle key points

A
  • long cylindrical myocytes - muscle fibres
  • syncytium- mutlinucleated
  • microscopically stained
  • each muscle composed of muscle fibres held together by connective tissue
  • endomysium around individual fibres
  • perimysium around a group of fibres (‘fascicle’)
  • epimysium around the entire muscle
19
Q

smooth muscle key facts

A
  • involuntary and normally unconscious
  • in hollow organs - vasculature, eyes, skin etc
  • bundles or layers of elongated, spindle-shaped (fusiform) cells
  • small diameter - non-striated cells with central muscle
  • possess a contractile apparatus of thin and thick filaments
  • cytoskeleton of desmin and vimentin intermediate filaments
  • specialised for slow, prolongated contraction
  • capable of mitotic division to maintain or increase number
20
Q

cardiac muscle key features

A
  • involuntary and unconscious heart
  • minimal ability to regenerate (mature cardiac muscle cells are able to divide)
  • medium diameter, striated, branching fibres with central nuclei (occasionally binucleate)
  • intercalated discs represent junctions between cardiac muscle cells
21
Q

what is the nervous system?

A
  • the system of cells, tissues and organs that regulates the body’s responses to internal and external stimuli
22
Q

nervous system: anatomically & functionally allows…

A
  • anatomically: central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system
  • functionally: somatic, autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)
  • multiple central functions e.g.; neural integration, attention, perception, memory, language, consciousness, etc
  • allows rapid response to external stimuli
23
Q

nervous system key facts:
2 cells types and subtypes examples

A
  • 2 principal cell types: neurons and supporting cells
  • neuron-> structural and functional unit
  • peripheral neuroglia - schwann cells, satellite cells
  • central neuroglia - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells
  • cell bodies for interpretation & generation
  • axons for signal transmission
24
Q

grey and white matter location and function

A
  • grey- cortex and nuclei. signal interpretation and generation
  • white-tracts (a.k.a fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle)
  • signal and transmission
25
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  • structural/mechanical support - forms structural framework of many body tissues
  • loose CT - packing material, fills spaces, determines shape of organ
  • dense CT - tough physical support, Demis, ligaments, tendons
  • specialised support - cartilage and bone metabolic eg. adipose tissue
  • effect repair transport or mediation of exchange
  • repair
26
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

forms continuous compartment throughout the body that connects, supports, protects and gives structure to other tissue/organs

27
Q

what is connective tissue embryologically?

A
  • mesodermal
28
Q

what is the % composition of connective tissue?

A
  • 5% cells
  • 95% extracellular martrix
29
Q

what is the ECM?

A
  • extracellular matrix
30
Q

what cells compose of connective tissue?

A
  • fixed (intrinsic, resident cells) - product and maintain ECM
  • free (extrinsic, immigrant cells) - tissue react to injury or invasion of organisms
31
Q

3 different connective tissue fibres?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • collagen - tensile strength & structural support
  • elastic - elasticity
  • reticular
32
Q

what does collagen disorders result in?

A
  • reduced tensile strength
  • causes tissue laxity, joint hyper mobility
  • susceptibility to injury
33
Q

types of loose (areolar) connective tissue

A
  • eubperitoneal tissue
  • endomysium
  • lamina propria
34
Q

characteristics of loose (areolar) connective tissue

A
  • loosely arranged fibres
  • increased cells of various types
  • ground substance
35
Q

what is loose areolar connective tissue surrounded by?

A
  • typically surrounding glands
  • tubular organs
  • blood vessels
36
Q

cells found in loose areolar connective tissue

A
  • fibroblasts
  • mesothelial cells
  • mast cells
  • elastic
  • collagen fibres
37
Q

characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • decreased cells (primary fibroblasts)
  • randomly distributed
  • bundles of collagen fibres in 3 dimensions
  • provides significant strength
  • allows organs to resist
38
Q

characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • low cells
  • densely packed
  • fibres arranged in parallel unidriectional resistance to stress
  • little ground substance
39
Q

where are dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • tendons
  • aponeuroses
  • ligaments
40
Q

what tissue types of organs made from?

A
  • parenchyma = function cells
  • stroma - support cells

HB2 (12 decks)

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