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HB2 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

where is a catheter usually inserted from?

A
  • radial or femural artery
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2
Q

Three types of aneurysm

A
  • cerebral
  • thoracic
  • abdominal
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3
Q

heart germ layer origin

A
  • visceral lateral plate mesoderm
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4
Q

heart structural origin

A
  • primary and secondary heart fields -> heart tube
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5
Q

when does the heart begin developing?

A
  • day 16
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6
Q

what do ‘fields’ in the early heart develop into?

A
  • endocardial tubes
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7
Q

when does the heart start beating?

A
  • day 22
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8
Q

what causes the caudal and cranial heart tubes to form the atria, ventricles and outflow track?

A
  • cardiac looping
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9
Q

what does the truncus arteriosus form? (2)

A
  • aorta
  • pulmonary trunk
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10
Q

what does the bulbus cordis form? (2)

A
  • right ventricle (trabeculated part = proximal)
  • ventricle outflow tracts
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11
Q

what does the primitive ventricle form?

A
  • left ventricle (trabeculated part)
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12
Q

what does the primitive atrium form?

A
  • right and left atrium (trabeculated parts)
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13
Q

what does the sinus venosus form?

A
  • right atrium (smooth parts)
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14
Q

how many days does cardiac looping occur?

A
  • between days 22 and day 28
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15
Q

atrial septation steps (3)

A
    1. septum primum descends - from roof of atrium, leaves lumen
    1. ostium primum closes - but foramen secundum secundum forms via apoptosis in septum primum
    1. septum secundum forms - foramen ovule persists
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16
Q

what is atrial septal defect-secundum?

A
  • large hole is atrial septum
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17
Q

cause of atrial septal defect? (2)

A
  • too much cell death/reabsorption
  • inadequate formation of septum secundum
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18
Q

what is the outer layer of the heart called?

A
  • pericardium
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19
Q

what does the pericardium do?

A
  • stabilises the heart and associated vessels within the mediastinum
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20
Q

how many layers is the pericardium made of?

A
  • 2
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21
Q

mediastinum definition

A
  • the space that holds everything in the thorax except the lungs
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22
Q

what is the outermost layers of the pericardium and its features?

A
  • fiborus pericardium
  • thick fibrous layer that contains collagen fibres
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23
Q

what is the innermost layer of the pericardium and its functions?

A
  • serous pericardium
  • balloon layer in contact with heart wall = visceral pericardium
  • layer in contact with fibrous pericardium = parietal pericardium
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24
Q

define epicardium

A
  • very thin external layer formed by the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
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25
Q

define myocardium (2)

A
  • cardiac muscle layer
  • containing blood vessels and nerves
26
Q

define endocardium (3)

A
  • covers inner surfaces of heart
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • areolar tissue
27
Q

what is the smooth thin posterior wall of the right atrium called?

A
  • sinus venarum
28
Q

what is the rough muscular anterior wall of the right atrium called?

A
  • pectinate muscle
29
Q

right atrium features (4)

A
  • sinus venarum - smooth thin posterior wall
  • rough muscular anterior wall - pectinate muscle
  • opening of the SVC, IVC and coronary sinus
  • fossa ovalis
30
Q

what is the fossa ovalis in development?

A
  • foramen ovali
31
Q

tricuspid valve features (4)

A
  • three cusps
  • allows blood to pass from right atrium to right ventricle
  • prevents blood from regurgitating from the right ventricle back into the right atrium
  • attached to chordae tendinae
32
Q

what are chordae tendineae?

A
  • heart strings
33
Q

what do the chordae tendineae attach to?

A

papillary muscles

34
Q

right ventricle key features (6)

A
  • thinner muscular wall compared to the left
  • valve cusps attach to chordinae tendineae
  • chrordinae tendonae attach to papillary muscles
  • trabeculae carneae lines the walls of both ventricles
  • acts to increase turbulence of blood
  • sends blood towards pulmonary trunk via pulmonary valve
35
Q

pulmonary valve other name

A
  • semilunar valve
36
Q

left atrium key features (3)

A
  • left auricle - contains pectinate muscles
  • most of atrial wall is smooth
  • slightly thicker wall than the right atrium
37
Q

bicuspid valve other name

A
  • mitral valve
38
Q

bicuspid valve key features (4)

A
  • two cusps (mitral valve)
  • allows blood to pass from left atrium to left ventricle
  • prevents blood from regurgitating from the left ventricle back into the left atrium
  • attached to chordae tendineae
39
Q

left ventricle key features (4)

A
  • thick muscular walls
  • thick mesh of trabeculae carneae muscle, more numerous than the right ventricle
  • chordae tendineae attach to 2 papillary muscles
  • sends blood towards aorta via aortic valve
40
Q

aortic valve and blood flow features (3)

A
  • origin of coronary arteries branches of the ascending aorta as the ventricles relax
  • aortic valve closes
  • blood pools in aortic sinuses
41
Q

how big is the aorta in diameter?

A
  • 3cm
42
Q

aorta sections (4)

A
  • ascending aorta
  • aortic arch
  • descending aorta
  • abdominal aorta
43
Q

what does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A
  • right and left common iliac arteries
44
Q

how many branches does the aortic arch have?

A
  • 3 but can be variable
45
Q

what is systole?

A
  • contracting
46
Q

what is diastole?

A
  • filling/relaxing
47
Q

where is the sinoatrial node?

A
  • located at the junction of the superior vena cava
48
Q

what is the sinoatrial node?

A
  • pacemaker of heart
49
Q

what does the sinoatrial node do?

A
  • initiates and regulates heart contractions
50
Q

what does the impulse from SA node do?

A
  • spreads electrical impulses through atria
51
Q

where is the atrioventricular node located?

A
  • interatrial septum
52
Q

where does the AV node get its signal from?

A
  • rapidly from the SA node
53
Q

where does the AV node distribute signals to?

A
  • ventricles through AV bundle
54
Q

what is the AV bundle a bridge between?

A
  • atrial and ventricular myocardium
55
Q

where and what does the AV bundle divide into?

A
  • right and left bundle branches
  • once it reaches the IVS
56
Q

what does the right bundle branch extend to and what does that stimulate? (2) MB

A
  • the moderator band
  • stimulates the right anterior papillary muscle
57
Q

what does bundle branches ramify into?

A
  • purkinjie fibres
  • extend into the walls of the ventricles
58
Q

the lungs are ___ to the heart

A

lateral

59
Q

the diaphragm is ___ to the lungs

A

inferior

60
Q

what is an incidental finding?

A
  • incidentally discovered mass or lesion
  • detected by CT, MRi, other imaging
61
Q

which vertebral level would you palpate to examine aortic pulse?

A
  • at or slightly above the umbilicus in the epigastrium
  • supine position with knees bent

HB2 (12 decks)

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