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HB2 > Hepatorenal System > Flashcards

Hepatorenal System Flashcards

1
Q

structure of liver; number of lobes and segments?

A
  • 4 anatomical lobes
  • 8 functional segments
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2
Q

4 functions of the liver?

A
  • detoxify ingested substrates
  • protein synthesis
  • storage of glycogen
  • production of bile
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3
Q

liver anatomical relationships
- superior =
- inferior =
- anterior =
- posterior =

A
  • diagram
  • right kidney, transverse colon
  • anterior abdomial wall
  • gallbladder, inferior vena cava
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4
Q

what is the ligamentum teres?

A
  • fibrous remnant of umbilical vein
  • carried oxygenated blood from mother to baby
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5
Q

features of portal vein (2)

A
  • carries blood from small/large intestines to liver
  • diff from other veins; higher in nutrients
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6
Q

features of hepatic artery (2)

A
  • comes from coeliac trunk
  • carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver
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7
Q

function of bile duct

A
  • carries bile from the liver/gallbladder to duodenum
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8
Q

blood supply to the liver (% vol) (2)

A
  • 25% hepatic artery
  • 75% portal vein
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9
Q

blood supply to the liver (% oxygen)

A
  • 50% portal vein
  • 50% hepatic artery
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10
Q

how much bile does the liver produce each day?

A
  • 500-600ml
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11
Q

is bile acidic or alkaline?

A
  • slightly alkaline
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12
Q

main functions of bile (3)

A
  • emulsify lipids from blood
  • neutralises stomach pH
  • excretes waste products from liver to faeces (eg. bilirubin)
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13
Q

how long is the gallbladder?

A
  • 7cm-10cm long
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14
Q

what shape is the gallbladder?

A
  • pear-shaped
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15
Q

renal system basics (4)

A
  • kidneys filter blood
  • remove excess water, waste and salt
  • excreted in urine
  • urine passes to bladder via the ereters
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16
Q

kidney anatomical relationships (3)

A
  • located in posterior abdomen, vertebral levels T12 -> L3
  • retroperitoneal = behind peritoneum
  • right kidney lower than left due to the presence of the liver on the right side
17
Q

kidney blood supply (7)

A
  • renal artery
  • renal vein
  • adrenal arteries
  • adrenal veins
  • autonomic nerves;
    SM ganglion + renal ganglion
18
Q

kidney internal and external features

A
  • renal cortex - outer layer, extending down between pyramids
  • renal medulla - inner layer
  • renal calyces (major and minor)
  • renal pyramids (renal papilla)
  • renal columns
19
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A
  • filter blood
  • remove excess water, salt, waste
  • excreted in urine, passes to bladder via ureters
20
Q

where does the afferent arteriole deliver blood to and what does it form?

A
  • nephon
  • forms from glomerulus
21
Q

how many nephrons are in each kidney?

A
  • 1 million
22
Q

what are the 6 components of the nephron?

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • nephron loop
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct
  • papillary duct
23
Q

what size is the renal corpuscle?

A
  • <150um diameter
24
Q

in the renal corpuscle what does the capsular space separate?

A
  • capsular and visceral epithelia
25
Q

what do podocytes form in renal corpuscle?

A
  • pedicles with narrow filtration slits
26
Q

what are podocytes covered in? what does this result in?

A
  • coated with negatively charged glycoproteins
27
Q

what is the clinical importance of pedicels? (4)

A
  • narrow filtration slits in the pedicles
  • proteins cant fit through
  • high protein in urine
  • indication of kidney damage
28
Q

what is ultrafiltration?

A
  • filtration by increased pressure generated by afferent/efferent arterioles
29
Q

what is the proximal convoluted tubule the site of?

A
  • reabsoprtion
30
Q

what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tube? (6)

A
  • 90% bicarb
  • 65% water
  • 65% sodium ions
  • 65% potassium ions
  • 65% chloride ions
  • all of glucose & amino acids
31
Q

what does the epithelia have in the proximal convoluted tubule and why are these important?

A
  • brush border - large SA for increased absorption
  • high mitochondrial density - ATP for active transport
  • protein channels - for increased absorption
32
Q

how does sodium drive transport in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • co-transporters e.g. SGLTs (sodium-glucose linked transporters)
  • concentration gradient using Na+/K+/ATPases

HB2 (12 decks)

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