Hepatorenal System Flashcards
structure of liver; number of lobes and segments?
- 4 anatomical lobes
- 8 functional segments
4 functions of the liver?
- detoxify ingested substrates
- protein synthesis
- storage of glycogen
- production of bile
liver anatomical relationships
- superior =
- inferior =
- anterior =
- posterior =
- diagram
- right kidney, transverse colon
- anterior abdomial wall
- gallbladder, inferior vena cava
what is the ligamentum teres?
- fibrous remnant of umbilical vein
- carried oxygenated blood from mother to baby
features of portal vein (2)
- carries blood from small/large intestines to liver
- diff from other veins; higher in nutrients
features of hepatic artery (2)
- comes from coeliac trunk
- carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver
function of bile duct
- carries bile from the liver/gallbladder to duodenum
blood supply to the liver (% vol) (2)
- 25% hepatic artery
- 75% portal vein
blood supply to the liver (% oxygen)
- 50% portal vein
- 50% hepatic artery
how much bile does the liver produce each day?
- 500-600ml
is bile acidic or alkaline?
- slightly alkaline
main functions of bile (3)
- emulsify lipids from blood
- neutralises stomach pH
- excretes waste products from liver to faeces (eg. bilirubin)
how long is the gallbladder?
- 7cm-10cm long
what shape is the gallbladder?
- pear-shaped
renal system basics (4)
- kidneys filter blood
- remove excess water, waste and salt
- excreted in urine
- urine passes to bladder via the ereters
kidney anatomical relationships (3)
- located in posterior abdomen, vertebral levels T12 -> L3
- retroperitoneal = behind peritoneum
- right kidney lower than left due to the presence of the liver on the right side
kidney blood supply (7)
- renal artery
- renal vein
- adrenal arteries
- adrenal veins
- autonomic nerves;
SM ganglion + renal ganglion
kidney internal and external features
- renal cortex - outer layer, extending down between pyramids
- renal medulla - inner layer
- renal calyces (major and minor)
- renal pyramids (renal papilla)
- renal columns
what do the kidneys do?
- filter blood
- remove excess water, salt, waste
- excreted in urine, passes to bladder via ureters
where does the afferent arteriole deliver blood to and what does it form?
- nephon
- forms from glomerulus
how many nephrons are in each kidney?
- 1 million
what are the 6 components of the nephron?
- renal corpuscle
- proximal convoluted tubule
- nephron loop
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
- papillary duct
what size is the renal corpuscle?
- <150um diameter
in the renal corpuscle what does the capsular space separate?
- capsular and visceral epithelia
what do podocytes form in renal corpuscle?
- pedicles with narrow filtration slits
what are podocytes covered in? what does this result in?
- coated with negatively charged glycoproteins
what is the clinical importance of pedicels? (4)
- narrow filtration slits in the pedicles
- proteins cant fit through
- high protein in urine
- indication of kidney damage
what is ultrafiltration?
- filtration by increased pressure generated by afferent/efferent arterioles
what is the proximal convoluted tubule the site of?
- reabsoprtion
what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tube? (6)
- 90% bicarb
- 65% water
- 65% sodium ions
- 65% potassium ions
- 65% chloride ions
- all of glucose & amino acids
what does the epithelia have in the proximal convoluted tubule and why are these important?
- brush border - large SA for increased absorption
- high mitochondrial density - ATP for active transport
- protein channels - for increased absorption
how does sodium drive transport in the proximal convoluted tubule?
- co-transporters e.g. SGLTs (sodium-glucose linked transporters)
- concentration gradient using Na+/K+/ATPases
