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HB2 > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

germ layer for GI

A
  • endoderm
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2
Q

structural origin for GI (3)

A
  • foregut
  • midgut
  • hindgut
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3
Q

forgut derivatives (6)

A
  • esophagus (oesophagus)
  • stomach
  • proximal duodenum
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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4
Q

where does the foregut end?

A
  • distal to the liver
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5
Q

key processes of the foregut (2)

A
  • stomach rotation
  • accessory digestive organs
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6
Q

what is stomach rotation and where does it rotate along? (4)

A
  • rotation along longitudinal access
  • 90 degree clockwise
  • dilates to form ‘correct shape’
  • lesser and greater curvatures
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7
Q

what are accessory digestive organs?

A
  • ‘support’ organs for digestion
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8
Q

examples of accessory digestive organs (3)

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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9
Q

when and how do accessory digestive organs develop?

A
  • little growth off of foregut
  • Wk 3 = develops rapidly
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10
Q

what do liver buds develop from?

A
  • liver diverticulum
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11
Q

what does the liver bud invade?

A
  • septum transversum
  • nearby tissue, gives rise to diaphragm
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12
Q

what comes off the liver bud ventrally? (2)

A
  • gallbladder
  • cystic duct
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13
Q

where do ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds come from?

A
  • endoderm in duodenal region (ventral part close to bile duct)
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14
Q

how fast is the growth of liver and gallbladder

A
  • rapid
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15
Q

what happens when duodenum starts to bend?

A
  • rotation of ventral pancreas
  • reposition of dorsal pancreas eventually fuse, including pancreatic ducts
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16
Q

what are the midgut derivatives (4)

A
  • distal duodenum
  • intestinal loops (jejunoileal loop)
  • ascending colon
  • proximal 2/3 transverse colon
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17
Q

key process of midgut

A
  • physiological umbilical herniation
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18
Q

what is the vitelline duct?

A
  • connection between yolk sac and primary intestinal loop of midgut, via connecting stalk
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19
Q

what is allantois

A
  • vestigial structure
  • resp waste storage in avian embryos
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20
Q

what does the liver do to the insertional loops? and why?

A
  • rapid growth of liver, requires more space then in growing abdomen
  • intestinal loops temporarily leave the body into umbilical region Wk6
  • retract Wk10
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21
Q

what is an omphalocele?

A
  • rare cogenital abnormality abnormaly wall defect
  • abdominal viscera herniate out of body, but do not return correctly
  • covered by thin membrane prognosis
  • treatment depends on extent, types and sizes
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22
Q

hindgut dervatives (5)

A
  • distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • proximal part of anal canal
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23
Q

key process of hindgut

A
  • formation of urorectal septum
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24
Q

what is the cloaca (cloacal membrane)

A
  • common chamber for hindgut and urinary systems
  • anterior portion -> urogenital sinus
  • posterior portion -> anus
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25
Q

what region does the urorectal septum form from?

A
  • allantois region
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26
Q

what does the urorectal septum do?

A
  • seperates the cloaca into anterior (urogenital portion) & posterior (anorectal canal)
  • separates urinary and GI systems
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27
Q

what is the oral cavity split into?

A
  • oral vestibule
  • oral cavity proper
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28
Q

what is the oral vestibule?

A
  • slit-like space between the teeth and gingivae, lips and cheeks
29
Q

what is the oral cavity proper?

A
  • space between upper and lower dental arches
30
Q

anatomical borders of the oral (4)

A
  • roof - hard and soft palette
  • floor - muscles covered by oral mucosa, salivary glands and the tongue
  • walls - the teeth when the mouth is shut
  • buccinator muscle when the mouth is open
31
Q

what is the oesophasgus and where does it extend between?

A
  • fibromuscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
32
Q

where does the oseophagus enter the abdominal region?

A
  • T10
  • through oesophogeal hiatus
33
Q

what does the oesophagus join at T11?

A
  • cardiac orifice of the stomach
34
Q

food is transported through the oesophagus via ____?

A
  • peristasis
35
Q

what type of epithelium is present in the oesophagus and why?

A
  • stratified squamous
  • can swallow and damage walls
36
Q

what four parts can the stomach be divided into?

A
  • cardiac reigon - cardiac orifice
  • fund - dilated superior part, either by gas, food or fluid/ or all of body of stomach
  • body of stomach - major part
  • pyloric region - contains the pyloric canal and pyloric sphinctor
37
Q

which borders of the stomach form the lesser and greater curvate?

A
  • medial and lateral borders
38
Q

what are the ridges produced by folds in the stomach called?

A
  • rugae
39
Q

what are rugae for?

A
  • so the stomach can expand when full
40
Q

what is the first and shortest part of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
41
Q

what shaped courses does the duodenum follow?

A
  • C-shaped
42
Q

what 4 parts make up the duodenum?

A
  • superior (1st)
  • descending (2nd)
  • inferior (3rd)
  • ascending (4th)
43
Q

what marks the end of the foregut and the beginning of the midgut?

A
  • major duodenal papilla (small rounded protuberance)
44
Q

where is the major duodenal papilla found?

A
  • descending (2nd) part of the duodenum
45
Q

what type of organ is the pancreas?

A
  • glandular organ
  • endocrine and exocrine
46
Q

what 5 parts is the pancreas divided into?

A
  • tail
  • body
  • neck
  • head
  • uncinate process
47
Q

where does the jejunum begin?

A
  • duodenojejunal flexure
  • after ascending (4th) part of duodenum
48
Q

where is the jejunum located?

A
  • upper left quadrant of the abdomen
49
Q

where is the ileum located?

A
  • lower right quadrant of the abdomen
50
Q

where does the ileum end?

A
  • when it joins the caecum at the ileocaecal junction
51
Q

jejunum vs ileium:
- vasa recta
- arterial arcades
- walls and internal surface

A
  • long vs short
  • few vs many
  • thick/rough vs thin/smooth
52
Q

what are pilcae circulares?

A
  • large mucosal folds arranged circularly around the lumen
53
Q

plicae circulares in jejunum vs ilium

A
  • numerous in jejunum
  • sparse in the ileum
54
Q

what is the plicae circulares covered in?

A
  • villi and microvilli
  • increase surface area of small intestine
55
Q

6 named parts of the large intestine (colon)

A
  • caecum (with appendix)
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
  • transverse colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
56
Q

where is the rectum located?

A
  • pelvis
57
Q

the rectum is continuous proximally to the ____ and distally with the ____

A
  • sigmoid colon
  • anal canal
58
Q

the ____ and ____ terminate in the rectum

A
  • teniae coli
  • epiploic appendices
59
Q

the rectum ends ____ to the tip of the coccyx, before the sharp _____ of the anal canal

A
  • antero-inferior
  • anorectal flexure
60
Q

where does the foregut start and end?

A
  • from oesophagus to 2nd part of duodenum
61
Q

what is the foregut supplied by?

A
  • coeliac trunk
62
Q

foregut/artery arises from abdominal aorta at the level of T___?

A
  • T12
63
Q

where does the midgut start and end?

A
  • 2nd part of duodenum to the 2/3rd of the way along transverse colon
64
Q

what is the midgut supplied by?

A
  • superior mesenteric artery?
65
Q

midgut artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of ____

A
  • L1
66
Q

where does the hindgut start and end?

A
  • 2/3rd way along transverse colon to superior part of rectum
67
Q

what supplies the hindgut?

A
  • inferior mesenteric artery
68
Q

hingut artery arises from the abdominal aorta at level ____?

A
  • L3

HB2 (12 decks)

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