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HB2 > Genitourinary System > Flashcards

Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the bony pelvis connect and protect?

A
  • connects vertebral column to the lower limbs
  • protects internal organs
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2
Q

what 4 bones is the bony pelvis made of?

A
  • ilum
  • pubis
  • ischium
  • sacrum
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3
Q

where is the bony pelvis joined together? (male) (2)

A
  • sacroiliac joint
  • pubic symphysis
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4
Q

where is the perineum located? (male)

A
  • between the thighs
  • most inferior part of the pelvic outlet
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5
Q

what is the pelvic cavity and perineum separated by? (male)

A
  • pelvic floor muscles superiorly
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6
Q

what systems does the perinuem support? (2) (male)

A
  • genitourinary
  • gastrointestinal
    systems
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7
Q

what is the perineum important for? (male) (3)

A
  • micturition
  • defecation
  • sexual intercourse
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8
Q

nerve supply to bony pelvis? (male)

A
  • S2, S3, S4
  • pudendal nerve
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9
Q

what two layers is the scrotum made from?

A
  • heavily pigmented skin
  • dartos muscle
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10
Q

testes suspended in the scrotum by the ____

A
  • spermatic cord
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11
Q

the scrotum is externally seperated by the ___ and internally by the ____

A
  • scrotal raphe
  • scrotal septum
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12
Q

what does the scrotum help do?

A
  • regulate the temperate of the testes
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13
Q

what are the testes?

A
  • paired gonads in phenotypically XY individuals
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14
Q

what does the testes produce? (2)

A
  • sperm
  • testosterone
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15
Q

how is the testes developed?

A
  • begin on the posterior abdominal wall
  • descend through abdominal wall
  • into scrotum
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16
Q

what are the testes covered by?

A
  • tunica vaginalis (aka. peritoneum dragged through abdominal wall as testes descend)
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17
Q

where is the spermatic cord formed?

A
  • opening of inguinal canal
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18
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain?

A
  • several neurovascular structures (vans derfernes)
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19
Q

what is the spermatic cord veered by? (3)

A
  • external spermatic fascia
  • cremaster muscle
  • internal spermatic fascia
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20
Q

6 contents of the spermatic cord?

A
  • ductus (vas) deferens
  • testicular artery (branch of aorta)
  • cremasteric artery and vein (to supply cremaster muscle)
  • artery to ductus (vas) deferens
  • pampiniform plexus of veins
  • nerves and lymphatics
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21
Q

what three layers of muscle is the ductus deferens made of?

A
  • outer longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • inner longitudinal
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22
Q

what is the journey of sperm? (7)

A
  • begins in teste
  • travels through ductus (vas) deferens
  • through spermatic chord
  • through abdominal wall
  • over pelvis inlet
  • behind the bladder
  • passes the seminal vesicles
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23
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A
  • fibrous capsule that encloses the testes and creates lobules
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24
Q

what are lobules? (3)

A
  • made by tunica albuginea
  • contains seminiferous tubules
  • contains interstitial fluid
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25
Q

seminferous tubules contain sertoli cells which are involved in _____

A
  • sperm maturation
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26
Q

insterstitial fluid contains leydig cells which are involved in _____

A
  • testosterone production
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27
Q

at the onset of puberty, GnRH starts to be produced by the ____

A
  • hypothalamus
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28
Q

in puberty for males, when GnRH is produced, the anterior pituary gland _____ for the first time

A
  • releases FSH and LH
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29
Q

FSH stimulates ___ in males

A
  • sertoli cells
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30
Q

in males, LH stimulates ____

A
  • leydig cells
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31
Q

in male stimulation of FSH and LH stimulates what? (2)

A
  • the onset of spermatogenesis
  • development of secondary sex characteristics
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32
Q

human semen composition (%) (4)

A
  • 4% sperm from teste via ductus deferens
  • 65% seminal vesicles
  • 30% prostate
  • 1% bulbourethral glands
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33
Q

where is the seminal gland located?

A
  • between posterior wall of bladder and rectum
34
Q

what % of fluid is made up in seminal gland?

A
  • 65%
35
Q

What can low volumes of seminal fluid show?

A
  • indicates a problem with the seminal vesicles or prostate
36
Q

secretions from the seminal glands are discharged into the ____ which penetrate ____

A
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • muscular wall of prostate
37
Q

how can the prostate gland be palpated?

A
  • through the rectum
38
Q

what % of seminal fluid is produced by prostate?

A
  • 30%
39
Q

prostatic fluid ejected into the ____ by ____ of the prostatic muscular wall

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • peristaltic contractions
40
Q

what is bulbourethral gland?

A
  • small, pea sized glands located at the base of the penis
41
Q

what does the bulbourethal gland secrete?

A
  • thick, alkaline mucus
  • neutralises urinary acids that may be still be present in urethra
42
Q

what does the bony pelvis connect and protect?

A
  • connects vertebral column to the lower limbs
  • protects internal organs
43
Q

what bones is pelvis made from? (female) (4)

A
  • the sacrum
  • ilium
  • pubis
  • ischium
44
Q

where and what parts of the bony pelvis joined together

A
  • sacroiliac joint
  • pubic symphysis
45
Q

where is the perineum located in female anatomy?

A
  • between thighs
  • most inferior part of the pelvic outlet
46
Q

what is the perineum and pelvic cavity separated by in females?

A
  • superiorly by the pelvic floor muscles
47
Q

what does the perineum support in females?

A
  • genitourinary
  • gastrointestinal
    systems
48
Q

when is the perineum functionally important in females?

A
  • during micturition
  • defecation
  • sexual intercourse
  • childbirth
49
Q

what nerves supply the female pelvis? (2)

A
  • sciatic nerve
  • pudendal nerve
50
Q

define mons pubis

A
  • mound of subcutaneous fat
  • located anterior to the pubic symphysis
51
Q

define labia majora

A
  • two hair-bearing skin folds extending from the mons pubis to the posterior commissure
52
Q

define clitoris

A
  • located within the clitoral hood
  • formed from the corpa cavernosa erectile tissue
53
Q

define vestibule

A
  • contains the opening of the vaina and uretha
  • situated between the labia minora
54
Q

define greater vestibular gland

A
  • secrete lubricating mucus during sexual arousal
  • same embryological origin as bulbourethral glands
55
Q

clitoris’ function

A
  • sexual pleasure
56
Q

what is the clitoris’ made of?

A
  • erectile tissue and muscles
57
Q

what tissue and muscle is in the clitoris?

A
  • corpus cavernosum (erectile tissue)
  • surrounded by ischiocavernosus muscle
58
Q

what is the corpus spongiosum surrounded by in the clitoris

A
  • bulbospongiosus muscle
59
Q

how much urine can the female bladder hold?

A
  • 400-600ml
60
Q

what is the rugae?

A
  • folded internal lining of the female bladder
61
Q

what is the trigone?

A
  • smooth triangular area in the female bladder
62
Q

what is detrusor muscle?

A
  • forms the thick muscular walls of female bladder
  • innervated by autonomic nerves
63
Q

what are the ovaries?

A
  • paired gonads in phenotypical XX individuals
64
Q

how are the ovaries attached to the uterus?

A
  • ovarian ligament
65
Q

how are the ovaries attached to the body wall?

A
  • suspensory ligament
66
Q

what is the blood supply for ovaries?

A
  • ovarian artery branches from abdominal aorta
  • level L2
67
Q

what are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A
  • perimetrium (peritoneum)
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
68
Q

what is the cervix?

A
  • inferior portion of the uterous
  • connects vagins and body of uterous
69
Q

What two parts is the cervix made out of?

A
  • endocervical canal - uterine cavity begins at internal oslined by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium
  • ectocervix - transitions to the endocervical canal at the external os-lined by stratified squamous non-keatinised epithelium
70
Q

anatomical position of the vagina

A
  • bladder and the urethra lie anteriorly
  • rectum and rectouterine pouch lie posteriorly
71
Q

what is the vagina?

A

an elastic muscular tube which is highly distensible

72
Q

3 major biological functions of the vagina

A
  • forms inferior portion of the birth canal
  • passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
  • sexual activity for reproduction, receives penis and ejaculatory fluids
73
Q

how is the vagina lubricated?

A
  • mucus secreted by the cervix
  • greater vestibular gland during sexual arousal
74
Q

where are the hormones for the menstrual cycle released from?

A
  • brain
  • ovaries
75
Q

hormones from the brain in the menstral cycle (3)

A
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinising hormone (LH)
76
Q

hormones released from the ovary in menstruation (3)

A
  • oestrogen
  • inhibin
  • progestrone
77
Q

what happens with hormones at the start of a menstrual cycle? (3)

A
  • hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  • GnRH stimulates FSH & LH release from the anterior pituitary gland into blood
  • FSH and LH enter ovaries through capillaries
78
Q

what happens days 1-14 (follicular stage) of the menstrual cycle? (5)

A
  • FSH stimulates follicule maturation
  • maturing follicles produce and release oestrogen
  • at low levels, this inhibits LH release
  • oestrogen levels continue to rise at high levels it no longer inhibits LH
  • LH levels rise and triggers ovulation
79
Q

what happens at ovulation?

A
  • ruptured follicle turns into corpus luteum (dead follicle)
  • drop in GnRH, LH and FSH levels
80
Q

what happens days 15-28 (luteal phase) of the menstrual cycle

A
  • corpus luteum secretes progesterone, inhibin and oestrogen
  • progesterone inhibits GnRH, inhibin inhibits FSH high levels of progestrone
  • oestrogen builds
  • maintains endometrium
81
Q

what happens when the corpus luteum degenerates in the menstrual cycle?

A

as the corpus luteum starts to degenerate the hormones stop being produced, causes;
- prostagladin release
- endometrium lining to shed
- leading to menstruation
- stops inhibition of GnRH, LH and FSH
- corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans (scar tissue)

82
Q

what are prostagladins and what do they do?

A
  • lipid compunds
  • causes constriction of blood vessels
  • ischemia of the endometrium
  • lining sheds off
  • results in primary dysmenorrhea

HB2 (12 decks)

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