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HB2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is cleavage?

A
  • one cell pinches, becomes two cells
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2
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A
  • shell of the egg
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3
Q

what is the polar body?

A
  • shedding of unneeded genetic material
  • 23 copies shed
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4
Q

what causes compaction?

A
  • due to space constraint from zona pellucida
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5
Q

what is a blastomere?

A
  • 2 cells
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6
Q

what is a morula?

A
  • latin for mulberry
  • 16 cell stage
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7
Q

what is an early blastocyst?

A
  • formed by morula secreting fluid into itself
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8
Q

what is a blastocoel?

A
  • hollow in the centre
  • inner cell mass
  • outer cell mass
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9
Q

define inner cell mass

A
  • cellular mass
  • hollow interior of round embryo
  • forms the embryoblast
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10
Q

define outer cell mass

A
  • outer edge of cellular mass
  • forms trophoblast
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11
Q

define late blastocyst?

A
  • trophoblast infiltrates the endometrium
  • embryoblast and trophoblast present
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12
Q

define embryoblast

A
  • gives rise to the embryo
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13
Q

define trophoblast

A
  • gives rise to placental tissue
  • provider of nourishment for embryo
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14
Q

week one detailed development

A
  • 1 - sperm penetrate corona radiate, zona pellucida to reach the cyptoplasm where it injects its genetic material
  • 2 - zygote is formed from male and female pronucleus
  • 3 - after 30 hours - cells divide, 2 cell stage (cleavage). Now blastomere
  • 4 - after 60 hours - 4 cell stage
  • 5 - 8 cell stage
  • 5 - day 3-4 - 16 cell stage (morula), inner cell mass & outer cell mass begin to form
  • 6 - day 4-5 - 32 cell stage, early blastocyst. More compaction. Distinction form of blastocele
  • 7 - day 5-6 late blastocyst. infiltration of epithelium
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15
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • when fertilised egg implants itself outside the womb, usually in the fallopian tubes
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16
Q

what % of ectopic pregnancies are tubal?

A

95%

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17
Q

what percentage of ectopic pregnancies are in the ampullary?

A
  • 70%
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18
Q

what does an embryo blast give rise to?

A
  • embryo
19
Q

what does trophoblast give rise to?

A
  • placental tissue
  • provides nourishment for embryo
20
Q

what happens to the location of the blastocyst at the end of week one?

A
  • blastocyst has fully infiltrated the endometrial lining
  • trophoblast mixes with maternal blood
21
Q

what does the outer cells mass form in week one and then week two?

A
  • trophoblast & cytoblast
  • syncytiotrophoblast
22
Q

what begins to form on day 7/8?

A
  • early formation of bilaminar germ (embryonic disc)
  • embryo blast turning into 2 distinct tissue types
23
Q

what happens on day 9? (4)

A
  • primitive yolk sac forms
  • fibrin coagulum present - this will disappear as endometrium closes completely
  • hypoblast becomes smaller
  • epiblast becomes larger
24
Q

what happens on day 12?

A
  • trophoblastic lacunae meet maternal blood supply to form maternal sinusoids
  • endoderm cells replace hypoblast
25
Q

what happens on day 13? (4)

A
  • primary villi present which give shape to placental tissues.
  • trophoblastic lacunae present - spaces of syncytiotrophoblast filled with maternal blood supply -> give rise to placenta and blood supply to the embryo
  • connecting stalk which gives rise to structures of the umbilical chord. amniotic cavity
  • secondary yolk sac which was the ventral cavity
26
Q

what happens in week 2 development? (3)

A
  • trophoblast-> 2 layers (cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast)
  • embryoblast-> 2 layers (epiblast & hypoblast)
  • 2 cavities formed (amniotic and yolk sac)
27
Q

what happens during gastrulation in week 3 of development?

A
  • formation of 3 germ layers (trilaminar germ disc)
  • formation of primitive streak on epiblast surface w/ primitive node at cephalic end
  • primitive streak-> signals to epiblast cells to move ventrally, under epiblast
  • hypoblast cells-> endoderm
  • layer between epiblast and endoderm -> mesoderm
  • remaining epiblast-> ectoderm
28
Q

when does mesoderm formation occur?

A
  • week 3
  • when embryo is rapidly growing
29
Q

what does mesoderm differentiation lead and contribute to?

A
  • leads to cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo
  • contributes to location of parietal and visceral mesoderms
30
Q

3 types of mesoderm?

A
  • paraxial mesoderm
  • intermediate mesoderm
  • lateral plate mesoderm
31
Q

cephalocaudal meaning?

A
  • head to tail
32
Q

what is neurulation?

A
  • formation of neural tube
  • notochord induces overlying ectodermal cells -> neuroectoderm
33
Q

how does neurulation occur?

A
  • notochord and neuroectoderm form
    neuroectoderm froms neural plate
  • neural plate-> lateral neural folds and midline neural groove
  • neural folds-> midline fusion, cervical region
34
Q

what doe the neural tube become?

A
  • brain and spinal cord
35
Q

what day does the anterior (cranial neuropore) close?

A
  • day 25
36
Q

what day does the posterior neuropore close?

A
  • day 28
37
Q

what is spina bifida?

A
  • neural tube fails to close correctly
38
Q

what are the three types of spina bifida?

A
  • spina bifida occulta
  • meningocele
  • meningomyelocele
  • distinguishable by level of tissues effected
    type determines treatments and management
39
Q

what are natural crest cells?

A
  • the ‘wandering’ germ layer/ cell group
  • derived in process of neurulation, splitting off from neuroectoderm
  • contribute to many structures, mostly head/ neck region
40
Q

neural crest derivates

A
  • head - face/skull connective tissue and bones, dermis of face and neck, smooth muscle in blood vessels
  • neural components - schwann cells, glial cells, meninges, cranial nerve ganglia, spinal (dorsal root) ganglia, other autonomic ganglia
  • glandular tissues - thyroid gland c-cells, adrenal medulla
  • heart septum components
  • melanocytes (of skin)
41
Q

what are the three primary brain vesicles?

A
  • prosencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
42
Q

5 secondary brain vesicles and their derivatives

A
  • prosencephalon-> telecephalon and diencephalon
  • mesencephalon remains the same
  • rhombencephalon-> metencephalon and myelencephalon
43
Q

where does lumbar puncture take place?

A
  • subarachnoid space, without puncturing spinal chord
  • between L4 and L5
44
Q

peripheral nervous system origins

A
  • neural crest
  • neuroectoderm

HB2 (12 decks)

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