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Anatomy Exam III > Musculoskeletal Development > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Development Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic sources of skeletal system

A
  1. paraxial mesoderm (somites)
  2. lateral plate mesoderm
  3. neural crest cells
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2
Q

paraxial mesoderm deriviatives

A

mesenchyme -> vertebral column, ribs, neruocranium, annulus fibrosis

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3
Q

lateral plate mesoderm derivatives

A

mesenchyme -> pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs, sternum

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4
Q

neural crest cell derivatives

A

mesenchyme -> viscerocranium and hyoid bone

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5
Q

what forms all of the axial skeleton except sternum and portion of skull?

A

sclerotome

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6
Q

what occurs for vertebral development i nthe 4th week?

A

sclerotome cells surround neural tube and notocord

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7
Q

what are the portions that will for vertebra?

A

less dense cranial portion and dense caudal portion

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8
Q

how do the portions of the vertebra fuse?

A

dense portions (forms annulus fibrosis), fuses with less dnese portion immediately inferior to form vertebral body

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9
Q

sclerotome resegmentation

A

6th week: chondrification

7th week: ossification

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10
Q

rib development

A

grows out as lateral extensions of coastal processes developing from thoracic vertebrae and wrap around anteriorly

synovial joints form where costal processes and vertebrae meet

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11
Q

sternum development

A

induced to form form ribs at ventral midline from lateral plate somatic mesoderm

week 10: develops as two bars that fuse cranial to caudal

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12
Q

what are the two parts of the skull and what are they formed from?

A
  1. viscerocranium: neural crest cells

2. neurocranium: paraxial mesoderm (occipital somites form portion)

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13
Q

what skull bones form from endochondral ossification?

A

sphenoid, petrous part of temporal bone, portion of occipital bone

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14
Q

what skull bones form from intramembranous ossification?

A

all other bones (flat bones surrounding brain)

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15
Q

what are sutures?

A

membranous and flexible joints in infants

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16
Q

what are fontanelles?

A

enlarged membranous spaces where more than two bones meet

anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, mastoid

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17
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton from from?

A

lateral plate somatic mesoderm

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18
Q

what type of bone development occurs in the appendicular skeleton?

A

endochondral ossification

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19
Q

what occurs during the 5th week of appendicular skeleton development?

A

condensations of mesenchyme appear in limb buds

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20
Q

what occurs during the 6th week of appendicular skeleton development?

A

mesenchymal bone models undergo chondrification to form hyaline cartilage models

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21
Q

what occurs during the 7/8th week of appendicular skeleton development?

A

ossification begins in long bones, initially in diaphysis at primary ossification centers

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22
Q

when do the epiphyses of long bones ossify?

A

after birth

23
Q

what are the embryologic origins of the 3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal: paraxial mesoderm
cardiac: intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
smooth: intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

24
Q

what do somites differentiate into in skeletal muscle development?

A
  1. sclerotome
  2. myotome
  3. dermatome
25
Q

what do somites give rise to?

A

most of axial skeleton, musculature, dermis of back

26
Q

myoblasts?

A

specialized mesoderm cells that fuse together to form skeletal m. and can actively contract by week 7

27
Q

what are progenitor cells for muscle derived from?

A
  1. ventrolateral lips of dermomyotome

2. dorsomedial lips of dermomyotome

28
Q

what separates paraxial from lateral plate somatic mesoderm?

A

lateral somitic frontier

29
Q

what are the two domains in somites?

A
  1. primaxial domain

2. abaxial domain

30
Q

where is the primaxial domain?

A

surrounding neural tube, dorsomedial lip, and some ventrolateral lip

31
Q

what forms from the primaxial domain?

A
  1. musculature of back
  2. shoulder girdle
  3. intercostal mm.
32
Q

where is the abaxial domain?

A

parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm, most ventrolateral lip cells crossing frontier into lateral plate mesoderm

33
Q

what forms from abaxial domain?

A
  1. infrahyoid mm
  2. pec major and minor
  3. abdominal wall mm
  4. limb mm
34
Q

what does the primaxial domain become?

A

epaxial group

35
Q

what does the abpaxial domain become?

A

hypaxial group

36
Q

what does each myotome divide into?

A
  1. epaxial group: dorsal/posterior

2. hypaxial group: ventral/anterior

37
Q

what does each spinal nerve divide into?

A
  1. dorsal primary ramus (epaxial mm)
  2. ventral primary ramus (hypaxial mm)

*vent divides to form dorsal/ventral brs to compartments

38
Q

what does the intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm of cardiac m give rise to?

A

mesenchyme surrounding developing heart tube

39
Q

what does the intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm of smooth m give rise to?

A

wall of gut and gut tube, most large arteries

40
Q

what are the two ectoderm derivatives of SM?

A
  1. neuroectoderm

2. surface ectoderm

41
Q

what derives from neuroectoderm?

A

sphincter pupillae m and dilator pupillae m of iris

42
Q

what derives from surface ectoderm?

A

myoepithelial cells of mammary, salivary, and sweat glands

43
Q

what happens in limb development at end of week 4

A

buds emerge, UL first, LL 1-2 days later

44
Q

limb bud

A

core of mesenchyme (forms CT of limb), lines with surface ectoderm

45
Q

what is the progress zone?

A

area of limb bud that keeps cells undifferentiated and rapidly dividing

46
Q

what sends signaling factor to nearby mesenchyme of progress zone

A

apical ectodermal ridge

47
Q

what is the direction of limb growth?

A

proximal to distal

48
Q

what are the migratory cells that invade limb buds?

A
  1. melanocytes: from neural crest
  2. sensory axons and schwann cells: from NC
  3. myoblasts: from myotome of VLL
  4. motor axons: from neural tube
49
Q

limb rotation

A

weeks 7
UL rotates 90 laterally
LL rotates 90 medially

50
Q

meromelia

A

absence of part of limb

51
Q

amelia

A

absence of entire limb

52
Q

polydactyly

A

extra digits

53
Q

syndactyly

A

2 or more fused digits

Anatomy Exam III (12 decks)

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