Blood and Hematopoiesis

Question 1

functions of blood

Answer 1

1. deliver O2 and nutrients
2. transport waste and CO2
3. transport hormones and regulatory substances
4. homeostasis by being buffer, coagulation, thermoreg
5. protect via transport of immune cells and components

Question 2

components of blood

Answer 2

1. formed elements

2. plasma

Question 3

what are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 3

1. cells: erythrocytes (RBCs) and leukocytes (WBCs)
2. cell fragments: thrombocytes (platelets)

all form hematopoeitic stem cell

Question 4

what is in the plasma element of blood?

Answer 4

protein rich, fluid ECM

Question 5

components of centrifuged blood

Answer 5

RBCs = 45%
plasma = 55%
buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) = 1%

Question 6

what is the hematocrit?

Answer 6

volume of packed RBCs in a sample

Question 7

what is the composition of plasma?

Answer 7

1. water = 90%
2. plasma proteins = 7-8%
3. other solutes

Question 8

water as plasma component

Answer 8

solvent for many solutes, provides optimal pH and osmolarity

Question 9

what are the plasma proteins?

Answer 9

1. albumin
2. globulins
3. fibrinogen

Question 10

albumin

Answer 10

most prominent plasma protein
made in liver
exerts concentration gradient
helps maintain osmotic pressure
is carrier protein for hormones, metabolites, drugs

loss to tissues brings fluid with it = edema

Question 11

2 types of globulins

Answer 11

1. immunoglobulins

2. nonimmuneglobulns

Question 12

immunoglobulins

Answer 12

gamma globulins
part of immune system
secreted by plasma cells (become activated B cells)

Question 13

nonimmuneglobulns

Answer 13

alpha/beta
produced by liver
maintain osmotic pressure
carrier proteins

Question 14

fibrinogen

Answer 14

made in liver
soluble
transforms into insoluble protein fibrin for clots

Question 15

other plasma solutes

Answer 15

electrolytes, non protein N substances, nutrients, blood gasses, regulatory substances

Question 16

erythrocytes

Answer 16

1. anucleated, no typical organelles
2. bind and deliver O2 to tissues, remove CO2
3. bicancave disc to allow max surface area
4. 120 day life span

Question 17

what is the size of a RBC

Answer 17

7.8 um

Question 18

where are RBCs produced?

Answer 18

in red bone marrow via erythropoiesis

Question 19

what is hemoglobin?

Answer 19

protein involved in binding, transporting, and releasing O2 and CO2

Question 20

structure of hemoglobin

Answer 20

4 polypeptide chains of globin, 4 iron containing heme groups (each binds one molecule O2)

most common is 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Question 21

what are the two groups of leukocytes?

Answer 21

1. polymorphonuclear granulocytes

2. monomuclear agranulocytes

Question 22

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Answer 22

specific granules, multilobed nuclei, azurophilic granules

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 23

monomuclear agranulocytes

Answer 23

no specific granules, rounded nuclei, azurophilic granules

lymphocytes (B and T lymphocytes and NK cells), monocytes

Question 24

neutrophil characteristics

Answer 24

most common leukocyte, 12-15 um, small faint lavender granules in cytoplasm, dark several lobed nuclei, granules contain lysozyme and peroxidases

Question 25

function of neutrophils

Answer 25

1st response to infection (acute inflammation), phagocytose bacteria (pus)

Question 26

eosinophil characteristics

Answer 26

1-5% leukocytes, 12-15 um

cytoplasm: large, coarse acidophilic granules caontaining peroxidase, histiminase, and arylsulfatase (infalmm effects)
nucleus: light, bilobed

Question 27

function of eosinophils

Answer 27

defense of parasitic infection (helminths), associated with allergies, chronic inflammation

Question 28

basophil characteristics

Answer 28

least abundant leukocyte, 12-15 um,

cytoplasm: large, coarse basophilic granules (obscure nucleus)
nucleus: light, obscured

Question 29

functions of basophils

Answer 29

regulating immune response to parasites, release histamine for allergies

Question 30

lymphocyte characteristics

Answer 30

26-28% leukocytes, 6-18 um

cytoplasm: narrow blue rim
nucleus: dark, takes up all of cell

Question 31

function of lymphocyte

Answer 31

T lymphocyte: adaptive, cell mediated immunity, mature in thymus
B lymphocyte: adaptive, humoral immunity, produce antibodies
NK cells: innate, kill virally infected and malignant cells

Question 32

monocyte charcteristics

Answer 32

3-9% leukocytes, 12-20 um

cytoplasm: grey, foamy
nucleus: dark, large, kidney/oval/ horseshoe shaped

Question 33

function of monocytes

Answer 33

differentiate to macrophages in tissue -> phagocytic cells in antigen presentation

Question 34

thrombocytes

Answer 34

derived form megakeryocytes (small bits of cytoplasm separates)
small, disc shaped, 2-3 um, form blood clots and repain tears in BV walls

Question 35

monophyletic theory of hematopoiesis

Answer 35

all blood cells are derived from a common pluripotental stem cells (hematopoietic stem cell) which can self renew or differentiate into any 1 blood cell lineage

Question 36

common myeloid progenitor

Answer 36

1. megakaryocytes
2. erythrocytes
3. granulocytes
4. monocytes

Question 37

common lymphoid progenitor

Answer 37

1. NK cells
2. T lymphocytes
3. B lymphocytes

Question 38

steps in erythrpoiesis

Answer 38

1. proerythroblast
2. basophilic erythroblast
3. polychromatophilic erythroblast
4. orthochromatic erythroblast
5. polychromatophilic erythrocyte

Question 39

proerythroblast

Answer 39

large, 12-20 um, large spherical nucleus with 1-2 nucleoli, cytoplasm = mildly basophilic

Question 40

basophilic erythroblast

Answer 40

nucleus 10-16 um, more heterochromatin, cytoplasm strongly basophilic (free ribos synthesizing hemoglobin)

Question 41

polychromatophilic erythroblast

Answer 41

cytoplasm = acidophilic (hemoglobin) and basophilic (ribosomes), overall grey/lilac, smaller nucleus, coarse heterochromatin, checkerboard

Question 42

orthochromatic erythroblast

Answer 42

small, compact, densely stained nucleus, eosinopilic cytoplasm (hemoglobin), no longer capable of division

Question 43

polychromatophilic erythrocyte

Answer 43

reticulocyte

no nucleus, some polyribosomes still present (some basophilia), can be in BS

Question 44

thrombopoiesis

Answer 44

HSC-CMP-MEP-MKP-megakaryoblast-megakeryocyte-platelets

Question 45

megakaryoblast

Answer 45

large, 30 um, nonlobed nucleus undergoes endomitoses

Question 46

megakaryocyte

Answer 46

50-70 um, complex multilobed nucleus, scattered azurophilic granules, polyploid (64N)

located near sinusoids in bone marrow, send cytoplasmic extensions that break off as platelets

Question 47

where is bone marrow located

Answer 47

medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bones

Question 48

what does bone marrow consist of?

Answer 48

sinusoids, hematopoietic cords (developing blood cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes)