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Medical Terminology > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissue that bind muscle to bones

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2
Q

Ligaments

A

Bind bones to other bones

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3
Q

Rheumatologist

A

Nonsurgerical physicians who specialize in joint problems like arthritis

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4
Q

Orthopedist

A

Physicians (surgical and medical) who treat bone, joint, muscle conditions

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5
Q

Physiatrist

A

Medical doctor focused on rehabilitation after injury or illness to muscles, bones, nerves

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6
Q

Osteopathic physician

A

DO can specializes in orthopedics or rheumatology. Their training is in the musculoskeletal system, emphasis on body mechanics to promote good health

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7
Q

Rheum/o

A

Watery flow ( referring to joint fluid)

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8
Q

Chir/o

A

Hand

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9
Q

Chiropractor

A

Not a physician but has extensive training using physical means to manipulate the spinal column, joints, soft tissues. They believe disease is related to pressure on nerves by spinal misalignment

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10
Q

Physical therapist

A

A master’s or doctorate degree they develop treatment plans to restore function, improve mobility and relieve pain based on physicians diagnosis.

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11
Q

Osseous tissue

A

Bones are primarily made up of this connective tissue.

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12
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells. They are part of the osseous tissue

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13
Q

Collagen

A

Dense connective tissue strands that are part of the osseous tissue

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14
Q

Three parts that make up osseous tissue

A

Osteocytes ( bone cells), collagen, calcium salts

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15
Q

Fetus bones are composed of what? That makes them more flexible and less dense.

A

Cartilaginous tissue. It resembles osseous tissue but lacks calcium salts

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16
Q

Ossification

A

Process of bone formation a gradual replacement of cartilage and intercellular substance by immature bone cells (osteoblasts) and calcium deposits.

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17
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature osteocyte (bone cell)

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18
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone phagocytes, Large cells that function to reabsorb or digest bony tissue

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19
Q

Joints

A

Places where bones come together

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20
Q

What tears down and what rebuilds bony tissue?

A

Osteoclast-breaks down

Osteoblast- rebuilds

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21
Q

Name two minerals essential to bone formation.

A

Calcium and Phosphorus but you need vitamin D to help calcium pass through the lining of the small intestines.

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22
Q

Osteoblastic activity

A

Once calcium and phosphorus are in the bone they produce an enzyme that forms calcium phosphate. This substance gives the bone it’s hard quality.

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23
Q

Calcium’s roles?

A

1) combine with phosphorus to make calcium phosphate or calcium salt.
2) stored in bones and small qty in blood ( determined by the parathyroid gland) to transmit impulses effectively to muscles

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24
Q

4 types of bones

A

1) long bones ( strong and broad at ends) ex: femur
2) short bones (irregular shapes)
3) flat bones ( cover soft body parts ex: shoulder blades, skull)
4) sesamoid bones ( small, rounded found near joints) ex: kneecap

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25
Q

How many bones in the human body?

A

206

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26
Q

Bone process

A

Enlarged areas that extend out from the bone to serve as attachments for muscles, tendons or ligaments

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27
Q

Bone depressions

A

Openings or hollow regions of the bone that serve as connections between bones or passageways for blood vessels and nerves.

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28
Q

Name five bone processes

A

1) bone head- rounded end of the bone
2) condyle- rounded knuckle-like
3) epicondyle- small rounded process above the condyle
4) trochanters- large and small processes for TENDON attachments
5) tuberosity (tubercle)- small round elevation where tendons and muscles attach.

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29
Q

Name 4 bone depressions

A

1) fissure-narrow groove or slit-like opening ex: orbital fissure= eye socket
2) foramen- opening for blood vessels and nerves ( ex: foramen magnum in skull)
3) fossa - shallow cavity in or on a bone
4) sinus- Hollow cavity within bone ex: sinuses in skull.

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30
Q

-physis

A

To grow

Example: Diaphysis (dia = complete, through) the mid area on the bone shaft.

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31
Q

Epiphysis

A

The rounded ends of a bone

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32
Q

Diaphysis

A

The middle region or shaft of a long bone

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33
Q

Epiphyseal line or plate

A

Growth plate, area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows.

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34
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared portion of the bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Adjacent to the epiphyseal plate

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35
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Cartilage that is very smooth, slick and strong. It is present throughout life. On the ends of long bones or on the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint.

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36
Q

Periosteum

A

Strong, fibrous, vascular membrane the covers the surface of the long bone.

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37
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A

Lies under periosteum membrane. It’s a layer of hard, dense bone. Mainly around the diaphysis of the bone. It contains a system of small canals contains blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and take away waste.

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38
Q

Haversian canals

A

Located in the compact bone

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39
Q

Medullary cavity

A

In the central part of the compact bone is tunneled out to form the medullary cavity. It houses yellow bone marrow

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40
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Aka: spongy or trabecular bone. Porous catacomb area houses red bone marrow. Mostly in epiphysis and metaphysis

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41
Q

Hematopoieses

A

Formation of all blood cells in the bone marrow

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42
Q

Acromion

A

Extension of the scapula that joins the clavicle to form a joint above the shoulder

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43
Q

Manubrium

A

Uppermost portion of the sternum

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44
Q

Xiphoid process

A

The lower portion of the sternum that sticks out the a sword tip.

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45
Q

How many ribs?

A

12 pairs 1-7 are true ribs attached to the sternum and vertebral column
8-10 are false ribs because anteriorly the attach to the 7th rib not the sternum.
11&12 are floating ribs only attached to the vertebral column posteriorly

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46
Q

Labrum

A

Cuff of cartilage allows the humerus to move in the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

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47
Q

Olecranon

A

Elbow bone. The proximal bony process of the ulna.

48
Q

Three parts of the phalanx (singular) phalanges ( plural)

A

Except the thumb each finger has a proximal ( close to wrist) , middle and distal ( far from wrist) phalanx bone.

49
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel bone

50
Q

Acetabulum

A

The socket that the femur sits in on the pelvis girdle ( ilium, ischium, pubis bones fused together)

51
Q

Tibia

A

Shin bone. Larger of the two bones in the lower leg.

52
Q

Ulna

A

smaller of the two bones in the lower arm and the bony process on the proximal end is the elbow bone called olecranon

53
Q

Ischium

A

Lower part of the pelvic bone looks like a mask.

54
Q

Malleolus

A

Ankle. The bony process off the fibula

55
Q

Name the three bones that form the ankle joint.

A

Tibia, fibula, talus ( first of the tarsal bones)

56
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw bone

57
Q

Maxilla

A

Upper jaw bone

58
Q

Suture

A

Immovable joint between bones such as the skull.

59
Q

Styloid process

A

Pole-like bony process extending downward from temporal bone on each side of the skull

60
Q

Sella turcica

A

Bone depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

61
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Area where the two pubic bones come together in the pelvis. Joined by fibrocartilaginous disk.

62
Q

Another name for a joint

A

Articulation

63
Q

Calc/o

Calci/o

A

Calcium

64
Q

Kyph/ o

A

Humpback; hunchback
Posterior curvature in thoracic region
Ex: kyphosis indicates a hump on the back. The affected person’s height is reduced and kyphosis may lead to pressure on the spinal cord

65
Q

Lamin/o

A

Lamina ( part of the vertebral arch)

66
Q

Lord/o

A

Curve, swayback ( anterior curvature in the lumbar region)

67
Q

Lumb/o

A

Loins, lower back

68
Q

Orth/o

A

Straight

69
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

70
Q

Scoli/o

A

Crooked, bent (lateral curvature)

71
Q

Spondyl/o

A

Vertebra

72
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degeneration of the intervertebral disks Signs pain and restrictive movement.

73
Q

Vertebr/o

A

Vertebra

74
Q

-blast

A

Embryonic or immature cell

75
Q
  • clast
A

To break

76
Q
  • listhesis
A

Slipping

77
Q
  • malacia
A

Softening

78
Q

-physis

A

To grow

79
Q

-porosis

A

Pore, passage

80
Q

-tome

A

Instrument to cut

Ex: osteotome a surgical chisel to cut bone

81
Q

Acetabul/o

A

Acetabulum (hip socket)

82
Q

Cost/o

A

Ribs

Ex: subcostal
Chondrocostal - cartilage that is attached to the ribs

83
Q

Malleol/o

A

Malleolus process on each side of the ankle

84
Q

Exostosis

A

Bony benign growth arising from the surface of the bone.

Ex: bunion is swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe and is accompanied by the buildup of soft tissue and underlying bone at the distal/medial aspect of the first metatarsal

85
Q

Simple closed fracture

A

The bone is broken but there is no open wound to the skin

86
Q

Compound (open) fracture

A

The bone is broken and a fragment of bone is protruding through an open wound in the skin

87
Q

ORIF

A

Open reduction / internal fixation and incision is made to access the fracture and plates, screws, rods, pins are inserted to stabilize the bone

88
Q

Name five types of fractures

A

1) colles- near the wrist at the distal end of the radius
2) comminuted- bone is splintered and crushed into several pieces.
3) compression- bone collapses or is compressed; occurs in vertebrae
4) greenstick- bone is partially broken; break is on one side, bent on other side. Often occurs in forearm
5) impacted- one bone fragment is driven into another bone

89
Q

Osteomalacia or rickets

A

Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral ( calcium) in the bone.

90
Q

Talipes

A

Congenital abnormality of the hind foot ( involving the talus)
The most common form is talipes equinovarus/ clubfoot

91
Q

Synovial joints

A

Freely movable joints ex: ball-n-socket joint or hinge joint

92
Q

Bursae ( plural) bursa (singular)

A

Are closed sacs of synovial fluid lined with synovial membrane and located near but not within a joint

Common locations elbow joint, knee joint and shoulder joint

93
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Sticky fluid within synovial cavity Contains water and nutrients that nourish and lubricate the joints so friction on the articular cartilage is minimal. Similar to egg white consistency

94
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid

95
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Stiff

96
Q

Articul/o

A

Joint

97
Q

Rheumat/o

A

Watery flow

98
Q

Ten/o

Tendin/o

A

Tendon

Connective tissue that binds muscle to bone

99
Q

-desis

A

To bind together, tie together

100
Q

-stenosis

A

Narrowing

101
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

Inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive Uric acid in the body. A congenital defect in the metabolism of Uric acid causes to much of it in the blood.

102
Q

Podagra

A

Gout in the big toe

Avoid foods rich in uric acid production such as red meat, red wine, fermented cheeses

103
Q

OA osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone ( form of osteophytes/ bone spurs) at articular surfaces

104
Q

Hallux valgus

A

Bunion

105
Q

Name three types of muscles

A

1) striated muscles have a dark and light bands. Make up all voluntary muscles, exterior or skeletal muscles
2) smooth muscles, interior make up involuntary or visceral muscles to move organs like the stomach
3) cardiac muscle - striated in appearance but is like a smooth muscle in action. Only found in the heart

106
Q

Fasci/o

A

Fascia forms sheaths enveloping muscles

107
Q

Fibr/o

A

Fibrous connective tissue

108
Q

Leimy/o

A

Smooth (visceral) muscles that lines the walls of internal organs

109
Q

Plant/o

A

Sole of foot

110
Q

Rhandomy/o

A

Skeletal ( striated muscles connected to bones)

111
Q

Sarc/o

A

Muscle and flesh

112
Q

-asthenia

A

Lack of strength

113
Q

-trophy

A

Development; nourishment

114
Q

-ab

A

Away from

115
Q

-ad

A

Toward

116
Q

-dorsi

A

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Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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