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Medical Terminology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Endothelium

A

Innermost layer of blood vessels made up of endothelial cells. They secrete a substance that prevents clotting.

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2
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiniest blood vessel. They only one endothelial cell thickness. They carry nutrient rich, oxygenated blood from arteries and arterioles to body cells. Their thin walls allow passage of oxygen and nutrients out of the bloodstream into the cell. And let waste, water, carbon dioxide in.

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3
Q

Venules

A

Small veins.

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4
Q

Veins

A

Have valves to keep blood flowing in one direction. They are thinner and less flexible than arteries. They carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart.

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5
Q

Arteries

A

Thick, elastic blood vessels to handle the high pressure of oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body.

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6
Q

Name 3 types of blood vessels in the body

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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7
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Unusual because it is the only artery that carries oxygen POOR blood. It carries blood from the right ventricle of heart to the lungs

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8
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Unusual in that it carries oxygen RICH blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart.

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9
Q

Aorta

A

Largest single artery in the heart. Pumps oxygen rich out of the heart into the body.

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10
Q

Venae cavae

A

Two types Superior (brings blood in from upper body) and Inferior (brings blood from lower body). They are large veins and carry oxygen POOR blood into the right atrium.

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11
Q

Left ventricle

A

Has the thickest walls of the four heart chambers (3x more than right ventricle) to pump blood with great force throughout the body.

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12
Q

Mitral valve

A

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle. Also called the bicuspid valve.

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13
Q

Aorta valve

A

Valve between left ventricle and aorta artery.

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14
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

The valve between right atrium and right ventricle

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15
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Valve between right ventricle and the pulmonary ARTERY going to the lungs

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16
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Septum or dividing chamber wall between the right and left atrium

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17
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Muscular wall separating the two lower heart chambers ( ventricles)

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18
Q

The sac that surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardium

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19
Q

Name the three parts to the pericardium?

A

Visceral pericardium - adheres to the heart.

Pericardial cavity- holds pericardial fluid to lubricate the membranes

Parietal pericardium- outer fibrous coat

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20
Q

Angi/o

A

Vessel

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21
Q

Aort /o

A

Aorta

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22
Q

Arter/o

Arteri/o

A

Artery

Ex: arteriosclerosis or arteriography

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23
Q

The force of blood being ejected from the heart felt through the walls of the artery.

A

Pulse

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24
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

Bundle of His, specialized muscle fibers connecting the artria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them.

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25
Q

AV node

A

Atrioventricular node is specialized tissue in the interatrial septum (between Atria) electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) to the AV node then to bundle of His toward the right and left bundle branches around the ventricles.

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26
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

SA node the pacemaker where the electrical impulses for the heart begin.

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27
Q

CO2

A

Carbon dioxide- gas waste that body cells release, transported to the heart via veins, then exhaled by the lungs.

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28
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle.

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29
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat.

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30
Q

Systole

A

Contraction or squeeze of the heart.

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31
Q

Systolic / diastolic pressure

A

Your blood pressure

Hypertension is when systolic pressure is over 140 and diastolic pressure is over 90

32
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

EKG or ECG a record to detect electrical changes in the heart muscle. Normal ECG shows five waves/deflections.
P wave= spread of excitation over the atria just before contraction
QRS wave= spread of excitation wave over the ventricles
T wave= electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles.
A heart attack or MI can be recognized in the ST segment of the ECG

33
Q

Murmur

A

Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of heart valves

34
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner lining of the heart

35
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular middle layer of the heart

36
Q

Pericardium

A

Double layer membrane sac surrounding the heart

37
Q

Carotid artery

A

Artery supplies blood to the head and neck

38
Q

Name two layers of the pericardium?

A

Visceral pericardium inside layer adheres to the heart.

Parietal pericardium outside fibrous coat (parietal means wall)

39
Q

Ather /o

A

Yellowish plaque, fatty substance

Ex: atherosclerosis a major form of arteriosclerosis which deposits of yellow plaque (atheromas) contains cholesterol and lipids found within the lining of the artery

40
Q

Three exams to diagnosis Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

Electrocardiography, cardiac catherization, echocardiography.

All use high frequency sound waves to show structure and movement of the heart

41
Q

CAD

A

Coronary artery disease. Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

42
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Congenital malformation involving four heart defects. 1) pulmonary artery stenosis 2) ventricular septal defect 3) shift of aorta to the right 4) hypertrophy of the right ventricle

43
Q

Mitro valve prolapse

A

MVP- improper closure of the mitral valve

44
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart. Usually the result from disease somewhere else in the body.

45
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever a streptococcal infection damaging the heart valves. Scarred with vegetations so they won’t open or close properly

46
Q

LDL vs HDL

A

Low density lipids are fatty they float they aren’t as dense. They are bad cholesterol. Cause of atherosclerosis. Should be less than 130 mg

High density lipids are good cholesterol. Factors that increase HDL are exercise, estrogen, alcohol moderation.

47
Q

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

A

Type of MRI that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels. Used to view arteries and blockages inside arteries. Good to use for people with a pacemaker

48
Q

Electron beam computed tomography

A

Identifies calcium deposits in and around the coronary arteries

49
Q

CT angiography

A

Quickly takes 3D images of the heart and coronary arteries

50
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis a blood clot forms in a large vein, usually a lower limb

51
Q

(PAD) peripheral arterial disease

A

Blockage of arteries carrying blood to extremities, kidneys or other organs. It could carotid ( neck) artery, femoral (thigh) artery, popliteal ( back of knee)

52
Q

Raynaud disease

A

Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis (blue) primarily in fingers and toes. Intense constriction and vasospasm of arterioles triggered by cold temps or stress

53
Q

Varicose veins

A

Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually in the legs. Hemorrhoid (piles) are varicose veins near anus. Condition is caused by a damaged valve that fails to prevent backflow of blood. The bld collects, the veins distend. Blood flow slows in the vein injuring it making it more susceptible to thrombosis

54
Q

The difference between CHF and CAD?

A

Congestive heart failure CHF is the heart not able to pump the the required amount of blood.

coronary artery disease CAD is a disease affecting the arteries supplying blood to the heart (coronary arteries are the pair of blood vessels off the aorta that feed the heart)

55
Q

Medications for CHF that help reduce edema.

A

ACE inhibitors type 1(angiotensin-converting enzyme) - reduces high blood pressure and risk of MI even if patient is not hypertensive),

beta-blockers (reduce the force and speed of the heartbeat and lower bld pressure)

spironolactone

digoxin.

56
Q

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

A

Assists in heart pumping for ppl in congestive heart failure on a transplant list. This booster pump is implanted in the abdomen with a cannula (tube) inserted in the left ventricle.

57
Q

Thrombotic occlusion

A

Blocking of the coronary artery by a blood clot.

58
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood flow

59
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

MI = heart attack. Blood supply has stopped, heart cells died in the myocardium tissue.

60
Q

Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

A

Conditions caused by myocardial ischemia treatment anticoagulants and antiplatlet agents such as aspirin

61
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

A nitrate medicine to treat acute attacks of angina (chest pain). It is a vasodilator increasing coronary blood flow and lowering blood pressure

62
Q

Aspirin

A

Medicine to prevent clumping of platelets

63
Q

Statins

A

Medicine to lower cholesterol levels

64
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Relax muscles in blood vessels

65
Q

Coronary artery bypass grafting

A

CABG to treat CAD by replacing clogged vessels by grafting a new vessel bypassing the clogged vessel. Bypass surgery.

66
Q

PCI

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention procedure in which catherization with balloons and stents open up a clogged coronary artery.

67
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

68
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart

69
Q

Troponin-1 (cTn1)

Troponin-T (cTnT)

A

Protein from the heart muscle that gets released into circulation after myocardial injury.

70
Q

Cardiac biomarkers lab test

A

Chemicals cTn1& cTnT are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack.

71
Q

Lipid profile blood test

A

Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.

Total cholesterol should be less than 200.
Saturated fats- animal origin (diary& meat) INCREASE cholesterol in the blood.

Polyunsaturated fats-vegetable origin (corn,olive,sunflower) DECREASE blood cholesterol.

72
Q

Angiography

A

X-Ray image of blood vessels after injection of contrast material via catheter into aorta or artery.

73
Q

Computed tomography angiography

A

CTA- 3D X-ray images of heart and coronary arteries using Computed tomography (64 slice CT scanner). Contrast material is injected into a small peripheral vein.

74
Q

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

Video equipment and computer produce an x-Ray of blood vessels. Take one picture without contrast then a second image with contrast. The computer compares the two images subtracts digital data of the first from the second leaving image of vessels with contrast.

75
Q

Name the Test to identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to help diagnose early CAD.

A

Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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