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Medical Terminology > Eyes And Ears SENSE ORGANS > Flashcards

Eyes And Ears SENSE ORGANS Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

To bend/ refract light so they are focused properly on the sensitive receptor cells in the posterior region of the eye.

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2
Q

What 3 parts of the eye make up the uvea of the eye?

A

Choroid-dark brown membrane in the sclera attaches to the ciliary body
Iris- the choroid gives continuous pigment to the iris
Ciliary body- supports the iris

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3
Q

Name the fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye

A

Aqueous humor its secreted by the ciliary body. The aqueous humor maintains the shape of the anterior portion of the eye

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4
Q

Where is the vitreous humor (fluid) stored?

A

Vitreous chamber the large region behind the lens in the eye. It’s a jelly like material that maintains the shape of the body and doesn’t re-form. Also helps refract light rays.

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5
Q

Zonules

A

Fine thread-like attachments that connect the ciliary body and the lens. The muscles in the ciliary body uses zonules to flatten lens for distance vision. Or thicken/round lens for near vision.

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6
Q

Retina

A

Thin, delicate sensitive nerve layer at the posterior or the eye. It houses sensitive receptor cells that receives the refracted light.

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7
Q

Rods and cones are what?

A

Sensitive receptor cells.

Cones-6.5million, function in bright levels of light responsible for color and central vision.

Rods- 120 million function in low light and responsible for peripheral vision.

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8
Q

Name three types of cones

A

Red,green,blue

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9
Q

Optic disk

A

The region where the retina meets the optic nerve. It has no light receptor cells it’s called the blind spot of the eye.

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10
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Composed mostly of cones is the location of the sharpest vision in the eye.

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11
Q

Fundus

A

Posterior inner part of the eye that is visualized through the ophthalmoscope

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12
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Where optic nerves from each retina merge. Here medial or nasal optic nerve fibers cross but temporal fibers do not cross.

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13
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior portion of the eyeball over the white of the eye. It is clear, almost colorless unless the blood vessels in the eye dilate

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14
Q

Binocular vision

A

A single visual sensation with three dimensional effect occurs when the images (one from each eye) fuse in the occipital lobe of the brain

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15
Q

Hemianopsia means…
Hemi =half
An =without
-opsia = vision

A

Loss of vision occurs in both eyes on contralateral (opposite sides) visual field. If a stroke takes out nerve cells in left cerebral cortex causing loss of vision in the right visual field. The loss is in the right nasal fiber in the left eye and the left temporal fiber

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16
Q

Accommodation

A

Normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near. The ciliary body adjust the lens (rounding it) and the pupil constricts. When the eye focuses from near to far, the ciliary body flattens the lens and pupils dilate

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17
Q

Humidus

A

Latin for moist

Ex: aqueous humor= fluid in the anterior chamber

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18
Q

Biconvex

A

Consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated and curved evenly like a sphere. The lens of the eye is a biconvex body.

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19
Q

OD vs OS

A 
Oculus Dexter (OD) = right eye
Oculus= eye, vision
Dexter = Latin for proper, fortunate or skillful
Oculus Sinister (OS)= left eye
Sinister= Latin unfortunate, bad or evil because ppl with left handed skills were identified as possessed by the devil.
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20
Q

Ophthalmologist

A

Medical doctor, eye surgery

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21
Q

Optometrist

A

OD, doctor of optometry

Measures eye, normal eye doctor prescribes corrective lenses and medication for eye disease

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22
Q

Optician

A

Eye specialist, fills lens prescription from the ophthalmologist or optometrist. Dispenses and repairs corrective lenses.

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23
Q

Ot/o/rhin/o/laryng/o/log/ist

A

Ears, nose and throat medical doctor MD

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24
Q

Aque/o

A

Water

Ex: aqueous humor

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25
Q

Blephar/o

Palpebr/o

A

Eyelid

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26
Q

Conjunctiv/o

A

Conjunctiva

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27
Q

Cor/o

Pupill/o

A

Pupil

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28
Q

Anis/o

A

Unequal

Ex: anisocoria unequal pupil and indication of neurologic injury or disease

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29
Q

Corne/o

Kerat/o

A

Cornea

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30
Q

Cycl/o

A

Ciliary body or muscle of the eye

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31
Q

Dacry/o

Lacrim/o

A

Tears, tear duct

Lacrimal ducts are tear ducts

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32
Q

Ir/o

Irid/o

A

Iris ( colored portion of the eye)

Ex: iridectomy a portion of the iris is removed to improve drainage of aqueous humor or to extract a foreign body.

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33
Q

Kerat/o

A

Cornea

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34
Q

Ocul/o

Ophthalm/o

A

Eye

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35
Q

Opt/o

Optic/o

A

Eye, vision

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36
Q

Palpebr/o

A

Eyelid

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37
Q

Papill/o

A

Optic disk; nipple-like

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38
Q

Phac/o

Phak/o

A

Lens of the eye

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39
Q

Phacoemulsification

A

Technique of cataract extraction using ultrasonic vibrations to fragment (emulsify) the lens and aspirate it from the eye.

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40
Q

Aphakia
A-
Phak/o
-ia

A

This may be congenital but most often it is the result of extraction of a cataract (clouded lens) wothou placement of an artificial lens (pseudophakia)

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41
Q

Pseudophakia

A

Artificial lens

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42
Q

Pupill/o

A

Pupil

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43
Q

Retin/o

A

Retina

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44
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

Genetic disorder ( pigmented scars form on the retina) that destroys retinal rods. Decreased vision and night blindness (nyctalopia) occur.

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45
Q

Nyctalopia

A

Decrease in rods causing night blindness. Deficiency in vitamin A can lead to night blindness.

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46
Q

Exudates

A

Fluid leakage

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47
Q

Scler/o

A

Sclera - 1) whites of the eye; 2)hard
Ex: 1) corneoscleral =the area of the cornea and sclera of the eye

2)Ex: scleroderma ( hardening/ thickening of skin) or arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries with collection of plaque)

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48
Q

Palpebral

A

Detectable

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49
Q

Scleroderma

A

Hardening or thickening of the skin.

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50
Q

Uve/o

A

Uvea; vascular layer of the eye ( iris, ciliary body, choroid)

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51
Q

Which part of the eye is AVASCULAR (Has no blood vessels) ?

A

Cornea it receives its nourishment from blood vessels near its junction with the sclera. That’s why corneal transplants are successful because antibodies responsible for rejecting foreign tissue usually do not reach AVASCULAR transplanted cornea tissue.

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52
Q

Vitre/o

A

Glassy

Ex vitreous humor.

53
Q

Ambly/o

A

Dull, dim

54
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye

Unilateral or bilateral reduction of visual acuity.

55
Q

Dipl/o

A

Double

Ex: diplopia =double vision

56
Q

Glauc/o

A

Gray
Example: glaucoma
-oma means mass or collection of fluid ( aqueous humor). The term comes from the gray-green color of the affected eye in advanced cases

57
Q

Mi/o

A

Smaller, less

Ex: miosis = contraction of the pupil

58
Q

Mydr/o

A

Widen, enlarge

Ex: mydriasis= enlargement of the pupil

59
Q

Phot/o

A

Light

Ex: photophobia= sensitivity to light

60
Q

Presby/o

A

Old age

61
Q

Scot/o

A

Darkness

62
Q

Scotoma

A

Area of decreased vision surrounded by an area of normal vision ; a blind spot.

63
Q

Xer/o

A

Dry

64
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

Condition of dry eyes.

65
Q

-opia

A

Vision

66
Q

-opsia

A

Vision

67
Q

-tropia

A

To turn

Ex: exotropia is outward turning of the eye. Esotropia is inward turning of the eye. Both conditions are examples of strabismus ( defect of the eye muscles so that both eyes can’t focus on the same thing at the same time.

68
Q

Esotropia

A

Inward turning of the eye

69
Q

Exotropia

A

Outward turning of the eye.

70
Q

Strabismus

A

x: exotropia is outward turning of the eye. Esotropia is inward turning of the eye. Both conditions are examples of strabismus ( defect of the eye muscles so that both eyes can’t focus on the same thing at the same time. )

71
Q

Myopia

A

Condition of half closed eyelids.

72
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

73
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

74
Q

Astigmatism

A

Defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye

75
Q

Presbyopia

A

Impairment of vision as a result of old age. Loss of elasticity in the ciliary body

76
Q

Cataract

A

Clouding of the lens

77
Q

Chalazion

A

Small, hard cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid

78
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Retinal effects of diabetes mellitus includes microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins and neovascularuzation (new blood vessels form in the retina)

79
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision. Intraocular pressure is elevated because of the inability of aqueous humor ( fluid) to drain from the anterior chamber and enter the bloodstream.

80
Q

Hordeolum

A

Stye or sty in the eyelid. It’s a localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infection of the sebaceous gland.

81
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Progressive damage to the macula of the retina. Leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Loss of central vision.

82
Q

Nystagmus

A

Repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes.

83
Q

Retinal detachment

A

Two layers of the retina separate from each other. Signs are photopsia (bright flashes of light), floaters( black spots or filmy shapes). Ways to repair photocoagulation and cryotherapy for small tears. Or scleral buckle. Or pneumatic retinopexy where a gas bubble is injected into vitreous cavity to put pressure on the area of the tear

84
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye. Partial loss of vision

85
Q

Hypertropia

A

Upward deviation of one eye

86
Q

Exotropia

A

Wall-eyed, one eye turns outward

87
Q

Esotropia

A

Cross-eyed. One eye turns inward

88
Q

Hypotropia

A

One eye deviates downward

89
Q

Ophthalmoscopy

A

Visual examination of the interior of the eye

90
Q

Tonometry

A

Ton/o=tension

Measures intraocular pressure to detect glaucoma

91
Q

Snellen chart

A

A visual acuity test read the chart at 20 feet

92
Q

Visual field test

A

Measurement of the area (peripheral and central) within objects are seen when eyes are fixed straight ahead without moving the head

93
Q

Enucleation

A

Removal of the entire eyeball

94
Q

Keratoplasty

A

Surgical repair of the cornea or corneal transplant.

95
Q

LASIK

A

Use excimer laser to correct errors of refraction. Sculpts the cornea.

96
Q

Phacoemulsification

A

Cataract surgery. Ultrasonic vibrations breakup the lens, which then is aspirated through the ultrasonic probe. Replace lens with man-made intraocular plastic lens.

97
Q

Auricle or pinna

A

Flap of the ear; protruding part of external ear

98
Q

3 parts that make up the Outer ear

A

1) Pinna/auricle
2) external auditory meatus ( auditory canal)
3) tympanic membrane (eardrum)

99
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax. Yellowish brown waxy substance that lubricates and protects the ear

100
Q

Name the 2 parts of the middle ear

A

1) Ossicles (3 small bones: malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup)
2) oval window- membrane that separates middle from inner ear

101
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Auditory tube. Canal leading from the middle ear to pharynx. Normally closed but opens on swallowing. It equalizes pressure from middle ear to atmosphere.

102
Q

4 parts of the inner ear

A

Inner ear aka labyrinth

1) cochlea ( snail shell shape) contains liquids perilymph and endolymph ( protein rich), sensitive auditory receptor called organ of Corti. And tiny hair cells
2) vestibules
3) semicircular canals ( for balance) contains two membrane sacs saccule and utricle that contain fluid-endolymph and sensitive hairs
4) auditory nerve fibers

103
Q

Acous/o

A

Hearing

104
Q

Audi/o

A

Hearing; sense of hearing

Ex: audiologist a healthcare professional specializing in the evaluation and rehab of ppl with hearing loss.

105
Q

Audit/o

A

Hearing

106
Q

Aur/o

Auricul/o

A

Ear

107
Q

Cochle/o

A

Cochlea

108
Q

Mastoid/o

A

Mastoid process. The posterior portion of the temporal bone extending downward behind the auditory meatus

109
Q

Myring/o

Tympan/o

A

Eardrum, tympanic membrane

110
Q

Ossicul/o

A

Ossicle. The group of three bones that make up the middle ear

111
Q

Ot/o

A

Ear

112
Q

Salping/ o

A

Eustachian tube, auditory tube

113
Q

Staped/o

A

Stapes / stirrup. Third bone of middle ear

114
Q

Tympan/o

A

Eardrum, tympanic membrane

115
Q

Vestibul/o

A

Vestibule

116
Q
  • acusis

- cusis

A

Hearing

117
Q

Hyperacusis

A

Abnormally acute sensitivity to sounds

118
Q

Presbycusis

A

Type of nerve deafness occurs with the process of aging

119
Q

-meter

A

Instrument of measure

120
Q

-otia

A

Ear condition

121
Q

Macrotia

Macr/otia

A

Congenital anomaly abnormally large ears

122
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear. Result of chronic otitis media. Associated with a ruptured eardrum ( perforations of the tympanic membrane)

123
Q

Meniere disease

A

Disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear. Elevated endolymph ( fluid) pressure within the cochlea and semicircular canals. Signs: sensuality to loud sounds, progressive hearing loss, headache, nausea, vertigo, tinnitus

124
Q

Otitis media

A

Infection of the middle ear. Common with URI.

Suppurative otitis media- bacteria invades middle ear pus forms

125
Q

Serous otitis media

A

noninfectious inflammation with accumulation of serous fluid. Treatment is myringotomy to aspirate fluid and placement of tympanostomy tubes in eardrum to allow ventilation.

126
Q

Otosclerosis

A

Hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear.

127
Q

Tinnitus

A

Sensation of noises ( ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears when there is no external input.

128
Q

Vertigo

A

Sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of self or external objects. A disease of the labyrinth of the inner ear

129
Q

Otoscope

A

Instrument to visual exam ears

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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