Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Abbreviations

A
  • fracture: #
  • osteoarthritis: OA
  • Rheumatoid: RA
  • Osteoporosis: OP
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2
Q

kyphosis

A

the curvature of the spine

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3
Q

prevention (fracture)

A

Fall prevention:

 -orthostatic hypotension: inform them to take a minute when standing or sitting

treatment & prevention of bone fragility:

  - promote proper nutrition
  - are they using the assistive devices (hearing aids, glasses, etc) properly?

use of hip protectors &/or fall mats

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4
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A
  • non-inflammatory
  • affects any weight-bearing joint
  • related more to excess use of joints through weight-bearing
  • obesity
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5
Q

signs & symptoms (OA)

A
  • crepitus (crackling sound)
  • bone spurs (abnormal bone growth)
  • limited motion, stiffness is relieved after movement
  • blood tests are normal
  • symptoms of inflammation (fever, malaise, fatigue) is absent
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6
Q

treatment (OA)

A
  • acetaminophen
  • corticosteroid injections directly onto the affected joint(s). used if oral meds don’t work
  • judicious exercise: avoid strenuous repetitive activities
  • schedule alternate periods of rest
  • Sx (surgery) may be necessary
    - hip/knee replacement
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7
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A
  • autoimmune disorder with a familial tendency (hereditary)

- the synovium becomes inflamed, causing an excess synovial fluid & the cartilage becomes rough & pitted @ a later stage

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8
Q

signs & symptoms (RA)

A
  • usually affects the joints symmetrically
  • pain
  • swelling
  • warmth
  • other symptoms related to inflammation
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9
Q

Tx (RA)

A
  • rest, positioning with splints to maintain full ROM and help prevent contractures
  • exercise rehab with physical therapy
  • pain meds
  • heat application for chronic pain; cold application for acute pain
    - allow the area to go back to body temp before reapplying the compress
  • avoid anxiety to help decrease exacerbations (worsening the condition)
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10
Q

Gouty arthritis

A
  • excess uric acid (from purines) in the blood can cause uric acid crystals to accumulate in the joint
  • sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints, limited ROM
  • occurs more often in men
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11
Q

Purines (sources)

A

red meat, alcohol, high fructose products

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12
Q

Tx (Gout)

A
  • diets low in purines
  • exercise
  • weight maintenance
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13
Q

osteoporosis (OP)

A

-bone demineralization, leading to brittle and porous bones
-bone resorption is greater than bone absorption
-“silent” disease
risk factors:
-Alcohol use
-Corticosteroid use
-Calcium low
-Estrogen low
-Smoking
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Additional: advanced age, ethnicity, early menopause

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14
Q

Tx (OP)

A

-education
-meds that stop loss and increase bone formation (calcium & vitamin D supplements)
-Weight-bearing activity can not regain the bone loss
but prevents any further bone loss.

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15
Q

Managing pain

A
  • hot or cold compress
  • passive stretching & massages to the area
  • correct positioning: splints & braces
  • meds: pt needs to be monitored
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16
Q

Normal changes (muscles)

A
  • enlarged joints
  • flabby muscles
  • decreased height
  • sarcopenia: loss of skeletal muscle mass and function.
17
Q

Sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass, strength & function

18
Q

Normal changes (skeletal system)

A
  • kyphosis
  • bone mineral and bone mass decreases, causing the bones to be brittle. more prominent among older women due to accelerated rate of bone loss after menopause
  • decreased calcium absorption
  • thinning disks & shortening of the spinal column
  • enlarged joints
  • flabby muscles
  • muscle atrophy
  • decrease in muscle fibers, with fibrous tissue gradually replacing muscle tissue
  • muscle mass, strength & movements are decreased (sarcopenia)
  • diminished calcium absorption and gradual resorption (breakdown) & slower bone deposition (building) outside of the bone