Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft

A
  • redirects blood around a section of a blocked or partially blocked artery in your heart.
  • taking a healthy blood vessel from your leg, arm or chest and connecting it below and above the blocked arteries in your heart.
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2
Q

Anoxia

A

No O2

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3
Q

Angina

A

caused by Ischemia (low blood flow) in the coronary arteries, which would then lead to hypoxia

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4
Q

Women can also experience “unrelated” symptoms during a heart attack

A
  • nausea
  • SOB
  • abdominal pain
  • stabbing pain
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5
Q

Nitroglycerin (can be used for anginal attacks)

A
  • helps relax the blood vessels (vasodilation)
  • can have systemic effects
  • wear gloves when administering the patches
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6
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

high levels of lipids in the blood

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7
Q

causes (hyperlipidemia)

A
  • diet
  • drugs
  • hereditary
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8
Q

dysrhythmias/arrhythmias (diagnostics)

A

-ECG or EKG: tracks the electrical impulses of the heart

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9
Q

etiology (dysrhythmias/arrhythmias)

A
  • angina
  • drugs
  • impaired CO
  • age-related
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10
Q

Atrial fibrillation (A. Fib)

A
  • total disorganization of atrial electrical activity due to multiple ectopic foci, resulting in loss of effective atrial contraction
  • most common dysrhythmia
  • risk increases with age
  • can cause blood clots due to inadequate blood flow
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11
Q

drugs for HR control

A
  • digoxin
  • beta andregenergic blockers
  • calcium channel blockers
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12
Q

anticoagulatory drugs

A

warfarin

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13
Q

stenosis

A

narrowed blood vessels and/or structure

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14
Q

arterial insufficiency (PAD)

A

narrowed arteries at the periphery, which can lead to insufficient tissue perfusion

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15
Q

venous insufficiency (PVD)

A
  • inadequate return of venous blood from the periphery to the heart
  • can lead to blood stasis (blood pooling), which can also lead to blood clotting as well as edema
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16
Q

treatment (PVD)

A
  • weight reduction
  • reducing fat intake
  • lipid reduction
  • reverse trendelenburg
  • moderate exercise & rest
17
Q

gangrene/phantom pain (amputation)

A

the feeling of pain & discomfort in the missing limb

18
Q

footcare

A

-different care for PVD and diabetes

19
Q

Nursing goal (PAD)

A

adequate peripheral tissue perfusion

  • warm, dry intact skin
  • good cap refill
  • normal peripheral pulses

-color, warmth, movement, sensation (CWMS)
=if u notice redness, press down on it to see if it blanches, if it’s non-blanchable, that’s a concern

-free of pain

20
Q

chronic venous insufficiency d/t faulty valves

A
  • edema with increased venous pressure
  • thick brown skin around the ankles (gaiter skin)
  • venous stasis ulcers
21
Q

Normal changes with aging

A
  • aorta becomes dilated & elongated
  • cardiac output (CO) decreases
  • blood vessel elasticity decreases
  • BP increases to compensate for the increased peripheral resistance & decreased CO
  • Valves become thicker and more rigid
  • stroke volume (SV) decreases
  • less efficient 02 use of the heart
  • slight Left ventricular hypertrophy

the heart muscle (myocardium) loses efficiency & contractile strength=reduced cardiac output (CO)

pacemaker cells in the SA node decrease in the number

cardiac cycle (systolic filling & diastolic emptying) requires more time

tachycardia lasts for a longer time, which can cause the stroke volume to increase in order to compensate, resulting in high BP

fibrosis, calcium & lipid accumulation and cellular proliferation of the vessels (tunica intima)

thinning & calcification of elastin & an increase in the collagen of the vessels (tunica media)

impaired baroreceptors

22
Q

Homan’s sign

A

pain when the affected leg is dorsiflexed, usually associated with deep phlebitis of the leg

23
Q

Cardiovascular health promotion

A
-healthy diet: 
  =low fat
  =less salt
  =high fiber intake
  =vegetables
  =whole grains
  =reduce intake of red meat, sugar & highly processed foods
  =limit alcohol

-exercise
=30 mins of moderate physical activity for 5 days OR
=20 mins of vigorous physical activity for 3 days

  • avoid smoking & second-hand smoke
  • manage stress
24
Q

S&S (general)

A

dizziness

light-headedness

edema

cold extremities

palpitations

blackouts

breathing difficulties

coughing

hemoptysis (spitting of blood)

chest pain

unusual sensations in the chest, neck, back or jaws

scaling skin

discoloration

25
Q

nursing assessment

A

ask the pt for any changes in physical or mental function:
-do u have difficulty or have u noticed any changes in ur ability to walk, work or take care of urself?

  • do u have periods where ur thinking doesn’t seem clear?
  • have u had to restrict activities or change ur lifestyle recently?

assess their lifestyle practices
-how often do u exercise? how long? how intense?

  • what is ur pattern of alcohol consumption?
  • do u consume drugs? if so what type & how frequent?
  • do you take any supplements? if so, what are they?
  • do u do anything to promote health such as following a diet?