Muscles of the Neck and Trunk

Question 1

Cutaneus omobrachialis

Answer 1

cutaneous muscle covering the shoulder, well developed in the equid

Question 2

Cutaneus colli

Answer 2

in theneck, has clinical relevance in stallions

Question 3

Hypaxial muscles

Answer 3

muscles below the transverse processes of the vertebrae

Question 4

Epaxial muscles

Answer 4

muscles above the transverse processes of the vertebrae

Question 5

General Functions of the Hypaxial mm.

Answer 5

felx the neck and tail, inspiration/expiration, aids in urination/defecation, partuition and locomotion

Question 6

Superficial Muscles of the Neck

Answer 6

Sternocephalicus
Sternohyoideus
Sternothyroideus
Brachiocephalicus
(omohyoideus in horses)

Question 7

Caudal attachment of the sternocephalicus?

Answer 7

Manubrium

Question 8

Manubrium

Answer 8

first sternabrae

Question 9

Parts of the Sternocephalicus in the Dog

Answer 9

Occipital part (dorsal)
Mastoid part (ventral)

Question 10

Parts of the Sternocephalicus in Ruminants

Answer 10

Mastoid part
Mandibular part

Question 11

Parts of the Sternocephalicus in Horses

Answer 11

Mandibular part

Question 12

Hyoid apparatus

Answer 12

supports the larynx

Question 13

Deep Muscles of the Neck

Answer 13

Longus capitus
Longus colli

Question 14

Where does the sternothyroideus end?

Answer 14

at the thyroid cartilage

Question 15

Where does longus colli end?

Answer 15

runs along ventral midline and ends in the thorax

Question 16

Where does the esophagus sit?

Answer 16

Dosal and left of midline

Question 17

Choke

Answer 17

common condition in horses; esophagus cannot expnd wider than the thoracic inlet

Question 18

Is the trachea perfectly round?

Answer 18

No, it is flat on the dorsal surface.

C-shaped cartilagenous rings connected by CT and tracheal muscles

Question 19

Thymus

Answer 19

on the heart, big when you’re young and shrinks with age

Question 20

What is encapsulated in the carotid sheath? (4)

Answer 20

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagosympathetic trunk
Tracheal trunk (lymphatic)

Question 21

Do horses have a jugular?

Answer 21

YES but just one, no internal or external

Question 22

Borders of the Jugular Groove: Dorsal, Ventral, Medial?

Answer 22

Dorsal = brachiocephalicus
Ventral = sternocephalicus
Medial = sternocephalicus in dogs/ruminants, omohyoideus in horses

Question 23

Omohyoideus m.

Answer 23

most developed in horses, kind of in ruminants and separates the external jugular v. and carotid a.

Question 24

Blood Draws and Cutaneus Colli in Stallions

Answer 24

cutaneus colli m. is very thick in stallions so you have to angle your needle differently, or pick a better place in the neck

Question 25

Two Components of the Lymphatic System

Answer 25

1. Lymphoid organs and tissues
2. Lymphatic capillaries and vessels

Question 26

Deep Cervical Center

Answer 26

chain of lymph nodes along the trachea; clusters cranial, middle, and caudal

Question 27

Where does the tracheal trunk drain lymph?

Answer 27

External jugular v.

Question 28

Hemal Node

Answer 28

parts of diffuse lymphoid structures; contain blood in addition to lymph. Often found in the skin but also other places

Question 29

How many paired cervical spinal nerves are there?

Answer 29

Eight (8)

Question 30

Where do the spinal nerves of C1 pass through?

Answer 30

vertebral foramen of the atlas

Question 31

Where do the spinal nerves of C2-C8 pass through?

Answer 31

Intervertebral foramena

Question 32

Which branches of spinal nerves are bigger - ventral or dorsal?

Answer 32

Ventral

Question 33

Spinal Nerves of the Brachial Plexus

Answer 33

+/- C5, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2

Question 34

Spinal Nerve that goes through Omotransversarius?

Answer 34

C3

Question 35

Accessory nerve

Answer 35

runs along the neck dosal to the ventral branches off the spinal nerves

Question 36

Answer 36

serratus dorsalis cranialis m.

Question 37

Answer 37

serratus dorsalis cranialis

Question 38

Scalenus

Answer 38

starts in the neck, ends in the thoracic ribs and helps with ventilation

Question 39

Which way do the fibers of the external intercostal mm. go?

Answer 39

Caudoventral

Question 40

Which way do the fibers of the internal intercostal mm. go?

Answer 40

Caudodorsal

Question 41

What innervates the intercostal mm?

Answer 41

ventral branches of the thoracic spinal nerves

Question 42

Where in the intercostal space is the VAN triad?

Answer 42

caudal border of the rib

Question 43

Linea Alba

Answer 43

fused fascia and aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles
“white line”

Question 44

Innervation of the epaxial muscles?

Answer 44

Dorsal branches of the spinal nerves

Question 45

General function of the epaxial nerves

Answer 45

exensors of the vertebral column and lateral movement of the trunk

Question 46

3 Systems of the Epaxial Muscles

Answer 46

1. Transversospinalis
2. Longissimus
3. Iliocostalis

Question 47

Muscles of the Transversospinalis System

Answer 47

1. Splenius
2. Semispinalis capitus (biventer cervicis and complexus)

Question 48

3 Parts of Longissimus System

Answer 48

1. Capitus
2. Cervicis
3. Thoracis et lumborum

Question 49

2 Parts of Iliocostalis System

Answer 49

1. Thoracis
2. Lumborum

Question 50

What muscles can you split to visualize the nuchal ligament?

Answer 50

Biventer cervicis and complexus

Question 51

Label the muscles.

Answer 51

Red = longissimus capitus
Orange = longissimus cervicis
Green =longissimus thoracis et lumborum
Blue = iliocostalis thoracis
Purple = iliostalis lumborum