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603 Anatomy > Bovine GI > Flashcards

Bovine GI Flashcards

1
Q

4 Chambers of the Ruminant Stomach

A
  1. Rumen
  2. Reticulum
  3. Omasum
  4. Abomasum
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2
Q

What takes up basically the entire left side of a cow?

A

rumen

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3
Q

Where do you examine a cow for rumen fill?

A

paralumbar fossa (and/or look at cow from behind)

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4
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

rumen, reticulum, and omasum (ferments complex carbs)

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5
Q

Serosa covers what compartments of stomach?

A

rumen and reticulum (just not dorsally)

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6
Q

Equivalent of simple stomach?

A

abomasum

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7
Q

Fermentation of Cellulose occurs in _______

A

Rumen

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8
Q

Rumen Location

A

left side, ICS 7 to pelvic inlet

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9
Q

Pillar

A

hard projections that divide rumen into sacs

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10
Q

Sacs of the Rumen (5-6)

A
  1. Dorsal
  2. Ventral
  3. Caudodorsal (Blind)
  4. Caudoventral (Blind)
  5. Ruminal Atrium
  6. (Ruminal Recess)
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11
Q

Ruminal Recess

A

a space in the cranial part of the ventral sac, but not a sac itself

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12
Q

Pillars of the Rumen

A
  1. Longitudinal (L&R)
  2. Cranial
  3. Caudal
  4. Dorsal and Ventral Coronary (L&R)
  5. Accessory Pillar (L&R)
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13
Q

Just stare at this for a little bit.

A

Did you stare?

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14
Q

What external structure corresponds with internal pillars?

A

grooves

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15
Q

Cardia of the rumen

A

the space where the esophagus enters the rumen

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16
Q

Gastric Groove

A

begins at the opening of the esophagus and bypasses the rumen (rumenal groove), reticulum (reticular groove), and omasum (omasal groove)

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17
Q

Purpose of gastric groove?

A

suckling reflex causes the groove to close and milk runs directly to absomasum (rumen microbe population hasn’t built up and also don’t want fermentation of milk)

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18
Q

3 Layers in the Rumen

A
  1. Gas
  2. Fiber
  3. Liquid
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19
Q

How many ruminal contractions are normal?

A

2-5 contractions every 2 minutes

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20
Q

How do contents move during a contraction?

A

reticulum –> ruminal atrium –> dorsal sac –> ventral sac

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21
Q

Trocar with little red devils

A

instrument to release gas

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22
Q

Regurgitation

A

reticular contraction floods cardia and goes back up esophagus and carried by antiperstatic wave

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23
Q

Eructation

A

forces ruminal gas into cardiac region; ventral sac to dorsal sac, no reticular involvement

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24
Q

Hole between rumen and reticulum?

A

ruminoreticular orifice

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25
Q

Rumenoreticular fold

A

U shaped structure on ventral aspect of orifice separating rumen and reticulum

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26
Q

Function of Reticulum

A

break down complex food, regurg material that is too large to digest

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27
Q

Reticulum location?

A

left side, close to xyphooid and diaphragm b/n ribs 6 and 7

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28
Q

Hardware Disease

A

metal in reticulum punctures wall during contractions and can lead to infection or pericarditis

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29
Q

What does a heart with hardware disease sound like?

A

coins in a washing machine

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30
Q

Withers Pinch test

A

sign of cranioabdominal pain, frequently used to test for hardware disease

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31
Q

Type of epithelium in rumen and reticulum?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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32
Q

Honeycomb?

A

Reticulum

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33
Q

Papilla in the Rumen

A

increases surface area for absorption; largest in blind sacs, fewest in ventral sac

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34
Q

Opening between reticulum and omasum

A

reticuloomasal orifice

35
Q

Omasum location

A

right side, deep to ribs 8-11 (or 7-10) and sits against the dome of the diaphragm

36
Q

Is your omasum thick or thin?

A

very thick-walled

37
Q

Is the omasal groove smooth?

A

yes

38
Q

What is the inside of the omasum like?

A

cresecent shaped laminae with omasal papillae that project towards lesser curvature and divide the lumen into narrow and uniform recesses

39
Q

Function of the Omasum

A

probably water absorption and digestion

40
Q

Can you auscultate the omasum?

A

nope

41
Q

Biphasic Omasal Contrations

A

biphasic
1. move ingesta from canal to the recesses
2. mass contraction to remove fluid, and move contents to abomasum

42
Q

Abomasum Location

A

ventral floor; fundus by xyphoid, body to left of median plane between omasum and rumen, pylorus is caudal to omasum on right of median plane at ccjxn10

43
Q

Is the abomasum glandular or non-glandular?

A

glandular; large mucosal folds to prevent reflux into omasum

44
Q

Opening between omasum and abomasum?

A

omasal-abomasal orifice

45
Q

Can you find lymph nodes in the stomach?

A

sometimes, at jxn b/n omasum and abomasum

46
Q

Is there a cardia in the abomasum?

A

No, think where the esophagus comes in

47
Q

Torus pyloricus

A

projects from pyloric region and its function is unknown

48
Q

Most forceful contractions occur at what point of the abomasum?

A

pylorus

49
Q

How do displaced abomasums occur?

A

alterations in the contractions causes accumulation of gas which then can’t escape’

50
Q

Fresh ruminants

A

just had a baby

51
Q

Stereotypical patient with displaced abomasum?

A

fresh ruminants, especially cattle but most especially DAIRY cattle

52
Q

LDA

A

distends in space between rumen and reticulum and the body wall

53
Q

RDA

A

frequently results in abomasal volvulus (twist), EMERGENCY

54
Q

How do you test for LDA or RDA?

A

Percussion; stethoscope in parlumbar fossa, flick from tuber coxae to olecranon, focusing on ribs 9-13

55
Q

Superficial leaf of greater omentum atttaches to ________

A

left longitudinal groove

56
Q

Deep leaf of greater omentum attaches to ___________

A

right longitudinal groove

57
Q

“Omental Sling”

A

rumen lays in the supraomental recess (because of where the leaves of the greater omentum attaches)

58
Q

What side will you find intestines on?

A

right (primarily)

59
Q

Is the capacity of intestines great in ruminants?

A

no, because so much digestion has already occurred in the gastric region (stomach)

60
Q

Duodenum location

A

right of median plane; ICS 10 goes vertically, then caudal, then midline @ tuber coxae, turns cranially passes to left of root of mesentery and ends at L1

61
Q

Where do the intestines sit (the space)?

A

supraomental recess

62
Q

Are the parts of the duodenum in cattle the same as in the dog?

A

yes

63
Q

Jejunum location

A

mainly right ventral side, goes dorsally to meet large intestine

64
Q

Johne’s Disease

A

caused by mycobacterium paratuberculosis, infected as calves but onset of signs can take 2-6 years, causes protein-losing enteropathy by gradual thickening of intestine, can’t absorb nutrients, diarrhea/weight loss/death (no tx available)

65
Q

Where do you primarily diagnose/look for Johne’s disease?

A

ileum (bubbly diarrhea)

66
Q

Ileocecocolic junction

A

cecum and colon split by entrance of the ileum (ileocecal orifice in the ileal papilla), then cecocolic orifice to leave

67
Q

3 Parts of Ruminant Ascending Colon

A
  1. Proximal loop
  2. Spiral loop
  3. Distal loop
68
Q

Proximal loop

A

S-shaped, extends from cecocolic jxn cranially to rib 12, caudal to tuber coxae, cranially to left of root of the mesentery at L1

69
Q

Spiral loop

A

lies to left of midline, centripital coils to central flexure to centrifugal coils

70
Q

Centripital

A

coils inwards

71
Q

Centrifugal

A

coils outward

72
Q

Distal loop

A

colon straightens caudally to L5, cranially to right of root of the mesentery at rib 13

73
Q

Tranverse colon goes which way?

A

right to left in front of root of the mesentery (L2)

74
Q

Liver location

A

almost entirely on right side from rib 6 to 12

75
Q

Liver Lobes (4)

A
  1. Left
  2. Right
  3. Caudate
  4. Quadrate
76
Q

How to take a liver biopsy in cattle?

A

ICS10 at level of ventral aspect of tuber coxae, needle pointed toward opposite olecranon

77
Q

Do cattle have a gallbladder?

A

yes

78
Q

Does the bile duct enter through a papilla?

A

NO, no papilla

79
Q

Spleen location

A

left side draped over the rumen, ccjxn 7 to dorsal part of rib 12

80
Q

Color variation in spleen

A

females are steel blue, males and babies are more reddish

81
Q

Shape of spleen

A

flat and oblong

82
Q

Do ruminants have a pancreatic duct?

A

no

83
Q

Do ruminants have an accessory pancreatic duct?

A

yes

84
Q

What papilla do ruminants have in the duodenum?

A

minor duodenal papilla, and that’s it

603 Anatomy (13 decks)

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