Muscles Flashcards
Pectoralis major
Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum, upper costal cartilages
Insertion: lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus
Function: adduction, flexion, extension, medial rotation
Nerve supply: lateral and medial pectoral nerves
Blood supply: pectoral branch of thoracoacromial trunk
Pectoralis minor
Origin: sternal end of ribs 3-5
Insertion: coracoid process
Function: depresses shoulder forward and downward
Nerve supply: medial pectoral nerve
Blood supply: pectoral branch of thoracoacromial trunk
Serratus anterior
Origin: upper 8 ribs
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Function: draws scapula forwards, rotates scapula so glenoid cavity faces upwards
Nerve supply: long thoracic nerve
Blood supply: circumflex humeral artery
Deltoid
Origin: lateral 1/3rd clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity
Function: abduction, ant (flexion and medial rotation), post (extends and lateral rotation)
Nerve supply: axillary nerve
Blood supply: posterior circumflex humeral artery
Teres major
Origin: dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: medial lip of intertubercular sulcus
Function: adduction, medial rotation
Nerve supply: lower subscapular nerve from posterior cord
Blood supply: subscapular artery, circumflex scapular artery
Supraspinatus
Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: superior facet of greater tuberosity of humerus
Function: initiates abduction of arm
Nerve supply: suprascapular nerve
Blood supply: suprascapular artery
Infraspinatus
Origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: middle facet of greater tuberosity of humerus
Function: laterally rotates arm
Nerve supply: suprascapular nerve
Blood supply: suprascapular artery, circumflex scapular artery
Teres minor
Origin: inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: inferior facet of greater tuberosity of humerus
Function: laterally rotates arm
Nerve supply: axillary nerve
Blood supply: subscapular artery, circumflex scapular artery
Subscapularis
Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus
Function: medial rotation, abduction
Nerve supply: upper and lower subscapular nerve
Blood supply: subscapular artery
Coracobrachialis
Origin: coracoid process of scapula, conjoint tendon with short head of biceps
Insertion: medial aspect, half way down shaft of humerus
Function: arm flexion, adduction
Nerve supply: musculocutaenous nerve
Blood supply: brachial artery
Biceps brachii
Origin: long head supraglenoid tubercle of scapula, short head coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: radial tuberosity
Function: flexor of shoulder, flexor of elbow, supinator of forearm
Nerve supply: musculocutaneous nerve
Blood supply: brachial artery
Brachialis
Origin: distal half of anterior humerus
Insertion: coronoid process of ulna
Function: major flexor of forearm
Nerve supply: musculocutaneous nerve
Blood supply: brachial artery, recurrent radial artery
Triceps brachii
Origin: long head infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, lateral head posterior aspect of humerus above spiral groove of humerus, medial head posterior aspect of humerus below spiral groove
Insertion: olecranon process of ulna
Function: extensor of forearm
Nerve supply: radial nerve
Blood supply: profunda brachii artery
Pronator teres
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna
Insertion: middle of lateral surface of radius
Function: pronates forearm, flexes forearm
Nerve supply: median nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Flexor carpi radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
Function: flexes wrist, abducts hand
Nerve supply: median nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin: medial epicondyle, medial margin on olecranon of ulna
Insertion: pisiform, hook of hamate, base of 5th metacarpal bone
Function: flexes wrist, adducts hand
Nerve supply: ulnar nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Palmaris longus
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: distal half of flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis
Function: flexes hand, tightens palmar aponeurosis
Nerve supply: median nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Origin: humeoulnar head-medial epicondyle, ulnar collateral ligament and coronoid process of ulna; radial head- superior half of anterior border of radius
Insertion: middle phalanges of digits 2-5
Function: flexes phalanges at PIP and DIP for 2-5
Nerve supply: median nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Pronator quadratus
Origin: distal 1/4 of anterior surface of ulna
Insertion: distal 1/4 of anterior surface of radius
Function: pronates forearm
Nerve supply: anterior interosseous nerve- branch of median nerve
Blood supply: anterior interosseous artery
Flexor pollicis longus
Origin: anterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of distal phalanx of digit 1
Function: flexes phalanges of thumb
Nerve supply: anterior interosseous nerve- branch of median nerve
Blood supply: anterior interosseous artery
Flexor digitorum profundus
Origin: proximal 3/4 of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Function: flexes distal phalanges at DIP for 2-5, assists with flexion of hand
Nerve supply: medial part- ulnar nerve; lateral part- anterior interosseous nerve- branch of median nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery, interosseous artery
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Origin: above lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: dorsal aspect of base of 2nd metacarpal
Function: extend wrist, abduct wrist
Nerve supply: radial nerve
Blood supply: radial artery
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: dorsal aspect of base of 3rd metacarpal
Function: extend wrist, adduct wrist
Nerve supply: radial nerve
Blood supply: radial artery
Extensor digitorum
Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Function: extends digits 2-5 at metacarpophalangeal joint, extends hand at wrist
Nerve supply: posterior interosseous nerve
Blood supply: interosseous recurrent artery, post interosseous artery
Extensor digiti minimi
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: proximal and distal phalanx of digit 5
Function: extends 5th digit at metacarpophalangeal joint, extends 5th digit at interphalangeal joint
Nerve supply: post interosseous nerve
Blood supply: interosseous recurrent artery
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, posterior border of ulna
Insertion: dorsal aspect of base of 5th metacarpal
Function: extends wrist, adducts wrist
Nerve supply: posterior interosseous nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Brachioradialis
Origin: lateral supracondyle ridge of humerus
Insertion: styloid process of radius
Function: flexes forearm when half pronated
Nerve supply: radial nerve
Blood supply: radial recurrent artery
Supinator
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, crest of ulna
Insertion: lateral, proximal 1/3 of radius
Function: supinates forearm
Nerve supply: deep branch of radial nerve
Blood supply: recurrent interosseous artery
Aconeus
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: lateral surface of the olecranon, superior aspect of posterior surface of ulna
Function: assists triceps in extending forearm, stabilises elbow joint, abducts ulna during pronation
Nerve supply: radial nerve
Blood supply: deep brachial artery, recurrent interosseous artery
Abductor pollicis longus
Origin: posterior surface of ulna, radius, interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of 1st metacarpal
Function: abducts digit 1, extends at carpometacarpal joint
Nerve supply: posterior interosseous nerve
Blood supply: posterior interosseous artery
Extensor pollicis brevis
Origin: posterior surface of radius, interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of digit 1
Function: extends proximal phalanx of thumb at carpometacarpal joint
Nerve supply: posterior interosseous nerve
Blood supply: posterior interosseous artery
Extensor pollicis longus
Origin: posterior surface of middle 1/3rd of ulna, interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of distal phalanx of thumb
Function: extends digit 1 at phalanx at carpometacarpal joint, extends digit 1 at interphalangeal joint
Nerve supply: posterior interosseous nerve
Blood supply: posterior interosseous artery
Extensor indicis
Origin: posterior surface of ulna, interosseous membrane
Insertion: extensor expansion of 2nd digit
Function: extends 2nd digit, helps extend hand
Nerve supply: posterior interosseous nerve
Blood supply: posterior interosseous artery
Adductor pollicis
Origin: oblique head- base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal; transverse head- 3rd metacarpal
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Function: adducts thumb
Nerve supply: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Blood supply: deep palmar arch
Lumbricals
Origin: flexor digitorum profundus
Insertion: dorsal digital expansion of digits 2,4,5
Function: adducts digits, assists lumbricals
Nerve supply: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Blood supply: palmar metacarpal arteries
Palmar interossei (3)
Origin: 2nd, 4th, 5th metacarpals
Insertion: dorsal digital expansions of digits 2,4,5
Function: adduct digits, assists lumbricals
Nerve supply: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Blood supply: palmar metacarpal arteries
Dorsal interossei (4)
Origin: adjacent sides of metacarpals
Insertion: dorsal digital expansions
Function: abduct digits, assist lumbricals
Nerve supply: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Blood supply: dorsal metacarpal arteries, palmar metacarpal arteries
Abductor pollicis brevis
Origin: flexor retinaculum, tubercles of scaphoid, trapezium
Insertion: proximal phalanx of digit 1
Function: abducts thumb, helps opposition
Nerve supply: recurrent branch of median nerve
Blood supply: superficial palmar branch of radial artery
Flexor pollicis brevis
Origin: flexor retinaculum, trapezium
Insertion: proximal phalanx of digit 1
Function: flexes thumb
Nerve supply: recurrent branch of median nerve
Blood supply: superficial palmar branch of radial artery
Opponens pollicis
Origin: pisiform, hamate, flexor retinaculum
Insertion: proximal phalanx of digit 5
Function: abducts little finger
Nerve supply: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Origin: hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum
Insertion: proximal phalanx of digit 5
Function: flexes digit 5
Nerve supply: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Opponens digit minimi
Origin: hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum, pisiform
Insertion: medial border of 5th metacarpal
Function: draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, brings little finger into opposition with thumb
Nerve supply: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Blood supply: ulnar artery
Trapezius
Origin: upper fibres- external occipital protuberance of skull, spines of cervical vertebrae via ligamentum nuchae; middle fibres- spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae; lower fibres- spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: upper fibres- lateral 1/3rd clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula; middle fibres- spine of scapula; lower fibres- spine of scapula more medially
Function: stabilises scapula, rotates upper and lower together; upper firbes- elevate scapula, abducts arm; middle fibres- retract scapula, adducts scapula; lower fibres- depress scapula
Nerve supply: spinal root of accessory nerve, cranial nerves
Blood supply: transverse cervical artery
Latissimus dorsi
Origin: thoracolumbar fascia, posterior 1/3rd of iliac crest, spines of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: floor of the intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Function: medial rotation of arm, adduction, extension
Nerve supply: thoracodorsal nerve
Blood supply: thoracodorsal artery
Levator scapulae
Origin: posterior aspect of transverse processes of upper 4 cervical vertebrae
Insertion: superomedial angle of scapula
Function: elevates scapula
Nerve supply: dorsal scapular nerve
Blood supply: dorsal scapular artery
Rhomboids
Origin: spines of C7, upper 5 thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Function: retracts scapula, rotates scapula
Nerve supply: dorsal scapular nerve
Blood supply: dorsal scapular artery
Serratus posterior superior
Origin: lower cervical spinous processes, upper thoracic spinous processes
Insertion: upper ribs
Function: elevates upper ribs, respiration
Nerve supply: anterior primary rami (T2-5)
Blood supply: posterior intercostal arteries, dorsal scapular artery
Serratus posterior inferior
Origin: lower thoracic spinous processes, upper lumbar spinous processes
Insertion: lower ribs
Function: depresses lower ribs, respiration
Nerve supply: anterior primary rami (T9-12)
Blood supply: branches from lumbar arteries
Splenius capitis
Origin: lower half of nuchal ligament
Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone, occipital bone
Function: head extension, lateral flexion, rotation of cervical spine
Nerve supply: posterior ramus of spinal nerves C3 and C4
Blood supply: muscular branches of aorta
Splenius cervicis
Origin: spinous processes of 3rd to 6th thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: transverse processes of upper 2 or 3 cervical vertebrae
Function: extension of cervical spine, rotation to ipsilateral side, lateral flexion to ipsilateral side
Nerve supply: dorsal primary rami of C5-C7
Blood supply: superior intercostal artery
Spinales
Origin: erector spinae aponeurosis
Insertion: thoracic spinous processes, skull
Function: bilaterally- extend vertebral column and head; unilaterally- laterally flex vertebral column
Nerve supply: dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
Blood supply: deep cervical artery, posterior intercostal artery, subcostal artery
Longissimus
Origin: erector spinae aponeurosis
Insertion: thoracic and cervical transverse processes, ribs
Function: bilaterally- extend vertebral column and head; unilaterally- laterally flex vertebral column
Nerve supply: dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
Blood supply: deep cervical artery, posterior intercostal artery, subcostal artery
Iliocostalis
Origin: erector spinae aponeurosis
Insertion: ribs, cervical transverse processes
Function: bilaterally- extend vertebral column and head; unilaterally- laterally flex vertebral column
Nerve supply: dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
Blood supply: deep cervical artery, posterior intercostal artery, subcostal artery, lumbar artery
Multifidus
Origin: transverse processes, upper thoracic and neck region
Insertion: spinous processes
Function: stabilises the vertebral column
Nerve supply: dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
Blood supply: deep cervical artery, posterior intercostal artery, subcostal artery, lumbar artery
Semispinalis
Origin: transverse processes
Insertion: spinous processes
Function: extend and rotate head and vertebral column
Nerve supply: dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
Blood supply: deep cervical artery, posterior intercostal artery, subcostal artery, lumbar artery
Gluteus maximus (superficial)
Origin: ilium, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity, iliotibial tract
Function: extension, lateral rotation, supports extended knee
Nerve supply: inferior gluteal nerve
Blood supply: inferior gluteal vessels
Gluteus medius
Origin: ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter
Function: abduction, medial rotation
Nerve supply: superior gluteal nerve
Blood supply: superior gluteal vessels
Gluteus minimus
Origin: ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter
Function: abduction, medial rotation
Nerve supply: superior gluteal nerve
Blood supply: superior gluteal vessels
Piriformis
Origin: anterior surface of sacrum
Insertion: greater trochanter
Function: lateral rotation of extended thigh
Nerve supply: branches from sacral plexus
Blood supply: superior and inferior gluteal arteries
Gemellus superior/ obturator internus/ gemelles inferior/ quadratus femoris
Origin: ischium/ ischiopubic ramus
Insertion: greater trochanter
Function: stabilise hip, lateral rotation
Nerve supply: branches from sacral plexus
Blood supply: inferior gluteal artery
Quadriceps femoris
- rectus femoris
- vastus laterallis
- vastus medialis
- vastus intermedius
Origin: rectus femoris- anterior inferior iliac spine; others all femur
Insertion: tibial tuberosity
Function: extend knee, flex hip
Nerve supply: femoral nerve
Blood supply: femoral artery
Sartorius
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion: tibia
Function: flexes thigh, flexes leg
Nerve supply: femoral nerve
Blood supply: femoral artery
Hamstrings
- semimebranosus
- semitendinosis
- biceps femoris (long and short head)
Origin: ischial tuberosity; short head of biceps femoris is shaft of femur
Insertion: semimemranosus and semitendinosus- tibia; biceps femoris- head of fibula
Function: flex knee, extend hip, medial rotation, lateral rotation
Nerve supply: sciatic nerve- tibial component; short head of biceps femoris- common fibular nerve
Blood supply: profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery
Pectineus
Origin: pubis
Insertion: femur (below less trochanter)
Function: adduction
Nerve supply: femoral nerve
Blood supply: medial femoral circumflex artery
Adductor longus
Origin: pubis
Insertion: linea aspera
Function: adduction
Nerve supply: obturator nerve
Blood supply: obturator artery, medial femoral circumflex artery
Gracilis
Origin: pubis
Insertion: medial aspect of superior end of tibia
Function: adduction
Nerve supply: obturator nerve
Blood supply: medial femoral circumflex artery
Adductor brevis
Origin: pubis
Insertion: linea aspera
Function: adduction
Nerve supply: obturator nerve
Blood supply: obturator artery, medial femoral circumflex artery
Adductor magnus
- adductor part
- hamstring part
Origin: adductor part- ischiopubic ramus; hamstring part- ischial tuberosity
Insertion: adductor part- whole length of linea aspera; hamstring part- adductor tubercle of femur
Function: adduction; hamstring part- extension
Nerve supply: adductor part- obturator nerve; hamstring part- sciatic nerve
Blood supply: medial circumflex femoral artery
Tibialis anterior
Origin: anterior aspect of tibia/ fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion: medial cuneiform bone, first metatarsal
Function: dorsiflexion of ankle, inverts foot
Nerve supply: deep peroneal nerve
Blood supply: anterior tibial artery
Extensor digitorum longus
Origin: anterior aspect of tibia/ fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion: middle and distal phalanx of toes 2-5
Function: dorsiflexion of ankle, extend lateral 4 toes
Nerve supply: deep peroneal nerve
Blood supply: anterior tibial artery
Extensor hallucis longus
Origin: anterior aspect of tibia/ fibula
Insertion: distal phalanx of great toe
Function: dosriflexion of ankle, extends great toe
Nerve supply: deep peroneal nerve
Blood supply: anterior tibial artery
Gastrocnemius
- two heads
Origin: both condyles of femur
Insertion: calcaneus
Function: leg flexion, plantarflexion
Nerve supply: tibial nerve
Blood supply: sural artery- branch of popliteal artery
Soleus
Origin: tibia, fibula, soleal line
Insertion: calcaneus
Function: leg flexion, plantar flexion
Nerve supply: tibial nerve
Blood supply: peroneal artery- proximally; posterior tibial artery- distally
Plantaris
Origin: femur
Insertion: calcaneus
Function: leg flexion, plantar flexion
Nerve supply: tibial nerve
Blood supply: sural arteries
Popliteus
Origin: posterior tibia
Insertion: lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus
Function: laterally rotates femur on tibia to unlock knee
Nerve supply: tibial nerve
Blood supply: branch from popliteal artery, branch from posterior tibial artery
Flexor hallucis longus
Origin: fibula
Insertion: distal phalanx of great toe
Function: plantar flex ankle, flex great toe
Nerve supply: tibial nerve
Blood supply: branch from peroneal artery, branch from posterior tibial artery
Flexor digitorum longus
Origin: tibia
Insertion: distal phalanx of toes 2-5
Function: plantar flex ankle, flex lateral 4 toes
Nerve supply: tibial nerve
Blood supply: branch from posterior tibial artery
Tibialis posterior
Origin: tibia, fibula
Insertion: navicular, medial cuneiform
Function: plantar flex ankle, inverter of foot
Nerve supply: tibial nerve
Blood supply: posterior tibial artery
Peroneus longus
Origin: upper lateral surface of fibula
Insertion: medial cuneiform bone, first metatarsal
Function: everts foot, plantarflexion
Nerve supply: superficial peroneal nerve
Blood supply: anterior tibial artery, peroneal arteries
Peroneus brevis
Origin: lower lateral surface of fibula
Insertion: fifth metatarsal bone
Function: evert foot
Nerve supply: superficial peroneal nerve
Blood supply: peroneal artery
Extensor digitorum brevis
Origin: calcaneus
Insertion: proximal dorsal region of middle phalanges 2,3,4
Function: extension of metatarsophalangeal joint of digit 1, extension of toes
Nerve supply: deep peroneal nerve
Blood supply: peroneal artery
