Morphological plan of the upper limb Flashcards
Anatomical evolution
Changes to the foot, hip, knee, vertebral column, skull
Longer clavicles
Pronation/ supination
Opposable thumb
Basics of upper limb
32 bones
57 muscles
Brachial plexus
Major vessels
Arrangement of upper limb
Shoulder
Arm
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
(course muscle to fine muscle)
Skeleton
Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones (8)
Metacarpals (5)
Phalanges (14)
Scapula and humerus
Acromium
Coracoid
Spine
Superior angle
Inferior angle
Lesser trochanter
Greater trochanter
Intertubercular sulcus
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Deltoid tuberosity
Radius and ulna
Olecranon
Ulna tuberosity
Styloid process of ulna
Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of radius
Interosseous membrane §
Limb movements
Flexion/ extension
Abduction/ adduction
Lateral/ medial rotation
Pronation/ spination
Circumduction
Opposition
Joints of the upper limb
Glenohumeral
Elbow
Wrist (radiocarpal)
Midcarpal
Carpometacarpal
Metacarpophalangeal
Interphalangeal
Attachment of the upper limb to the trunk
From vertebral column
- superficial back muscles
From thoracic wall
- pectoralis major/ minor
- serratus anterior
Muscles of shoulder joint
Deltoid
Rotator cuff muscles
Teres major
Flexor muscles of the arm
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Extensor muscles of the arm
Tricpes brachii
Forearm muscles
Flexors of wrist and digits
Extensors of wrist and digits
Hand muscles
Thenar muscles
Hypothenar muscles
Movements of the vertebral column
Flexion/ extension
Lateral flexion/ lateral extension
Rotation
Curvatures of the vertebral column
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Function of curvatures
Bipedalism
Shock absorption
Flexibility
Ligaments
Reinforce and stabilise joints
Limit range of movement
Spinal ligaments resisting hyperextension
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Spinal ligaments resisting hyperflexion
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flava
Intervertebral joints and discs
Joints for weight bearing and strength
Secondary cartilaginous
Discs: shock absorbers
Disc thickness increases down the vertebral column
Facet joints
Joints between vertebral arches
Synovial
Movement depends on joint angle
Cervical facet joint
Slight slope
Flexion/ extension/ rotation
Thoracic facet joint
Near vertical
Rotation only
Lumbar facet joint
Wrapped
Flexion/ extension only
Muscles of the back
Extrinsic muscles (move upper limbs and ribs) - superficial and intermediate
Intrinsic muscles (postural/ move vertebral column) - deep
Separated by thoracolumbar fascia
Superficial muscles
Attach upper limb to trunk
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- levator scapulae
- rhomboids (minor and major)
Function of trapezius
Rotates scapula
Function of latissimus dorsi
Adducts/ extends/ medially rotates arm
Function of levator scapulae
Elevates scapula
Function of rhomboids
Retracts scapula
3 layers of deep muscles
Splenius- most superficial (in neck)
Erector spinae- main group
Mulitfidus- very deep
Erector spinae
3 muscle blocks
Within groove between spinous process and angles of the ribs
3 muscle blocks of erector spinae
Spinales: to spinous processes
Longissimus: to transverse processes
Iliocostalis: to ribs
Origin: errector spinae aponeurosis
Nerve supply
Anterior primary ramus
- extrinsic muscles
Posterior primary ramus
- intrinsic muscles
Primary curvatures
Kyphoses
Develop fetally
Thoracic and sacral
Secondary curvatures
Lordoses
During childhood
Crawling to walking
Cervical and lumbar
