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NRSG 203 > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Draw a Sarcomere

A
  • What is the A band
  • What is the I band
  • What is the H zone
  • What is the M line
  • Which of these areas changes during muscle contraction
  • What is nebulin
  • What is titin
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2
Q

Sarcolemma

A
  • Cell membrane which dystrophin attaches myofilaments to
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3
Q

Myomesin

A
  • Part of the M line
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4
Q

Dystrophin

A
  • Binds the myofilaments to the sarcolemma
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5
Q

Tropomyosin vs Troponin

A
  • Tropomyosin covers the actin binding sites (think - gets in the way of myosin)
  • Troponin is the calcium binding site to move the tropomyosin
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6
Q

Steps in the Neuromuscular Junction

A
  • 1 AP reaches the end of the neuron
  • Ach is released
  • Ach triggers Na gates to open
  • Acetylcholinesterase collects Ach from the junction
  • Na entry causes muscle version of GPs - EPPs (End Plate Potentials)
  • EPPs are directed to the edge of the muscle end-plate, where they summate
  • AP is triggered when the EPPs reach the voltage-gated channels
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7
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A
  • Where the axon terminal meets the muscle end-plate
  • Has Ach receptors, Acetylcholinesterase, Na gates, voltage gated receptors
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8
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A
  • Collects Ach from the neuromuscular junction
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9
Q

Steps from AP Triggering to Tropomyosin Movement

A
  • AP is propagated along the muscle’s cell membrane and down the t-tubules
  • AP in the t-tubule triggers Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • AP activates DHP receptors
  • This opens the Ryanodine gate, releasing Ca
  • Ca binds to troponin
  • Tropomyosin moves
  • Myosin is now able to attach to actin
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10
Q

Steps of the Cross-Bridge Cycle

A
  • Energized myosin (with an ADP+P on the head) binds to actin
  • Myosin head pivots, creating a power stroke that moves the actin. During this, the myosin loses its ADP+P
  • Myosin binds another ATP
  • Myosin drops away from actin
  • ATP hydrolyzes ATP into ADP+P
  • The process repeats
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11
Q

Muscle Relaxation

A
  • Requires ATP
  • Ca pumps move Ca back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Tropomyosin slides back over actin
  • Sarcomere returns to its resting length
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12
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A
  • Decrease in ATP causes Ca to be left in the cell because pumps can’t activate, and tropomyosin cannot be slid back over actin
  • Also due to increased lactic acid and waste buildup
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13
Q

Isotonic contraction

A
  • Create a force and move a load
  • The result of isometric contractions
  • Concentric - muscle shortens
  • Ecentric - muscle lengthens
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14
Q

Isometric contraction

A
  • Creates tension on a muscle without actually moving a load
  • Often a precursor to isotonic contractions
  • Also occurs when the force cannot overcome the load
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15
Q

Muscle Latent Period

A
  • The time between AP and contraction
  • Time for excitation-contraction coupling
  • Time for the buildup of isometric tension
  • As the load gets heavier, the latent period increases because it takes longer to build up enough tension to lift it
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16
Q

Muscle Twitch

A
  • A single contraction-relaxation cycle
  • These can summate until tetanus is reached
17
Q

Tetanus

A
  • high frequency of action potentials leading to full force sustained contraction of the muscle
18
Q

Motor Unit Summation

A
  • Increased voltage and increased number of fibres stimulated equals increased contraction size and force
19
Q

Effects of Load

A
  • Increased load means more tension is needed, the contraction distance decreases, and latent period increases
  • Increased load results in more back slippage and slower cross bridge recycling, resulting in lower contraction velocity
20
Q

Energy Sources for Muscle

A
  • ATP
  • Creatine Phosphate
  • Glycogen
21
Q

Muscle Fiber Types

A
  • Slow oxidative (type 1)
  • Fast oxidative (type 2a)
  • Fast glycolytic (type 2b)
  • Based on fuel source and contraction type
  • Type one twitches slowly
  • Type 2 twitches fast
22
Q

Slow Oxidative Muscle Fiber

A
  • Slow cross-bridge cycling
  • Low intensity, high endurance
  • Aerobic metabolism
23
Q

Fast Oxidative Muscle Fiber

A
  • Faster cross-bridge cycling
  • High intensity, lower endurance
  • Aerobic metabolism
24
Q

Fast Glycolytic Muscle Fiber

A
  • Fast cross-bridge cycling
  • High intensity, lowest endurance
  • Anaerobic metabolism
  • Emergency fibers
25
Q

Aerobic Exercise Effects

A
  • Converts glycolytic fibers to oxidative
  • Fast oxidative fibers will increase their endurance
26
Q

Resistance Exercise Effects

A
  • Creates more actin and myosin inside the cell because they get ripped and fixed as exercise carries on
  • Muscle fibers will get bigger, though the cells will not divide
27
Q

Multi- unit VS single-unit Smooth Muscle

A
  • Multi-unit: Require nerve stimulation. Each unit functions independently, so they all must be stimulated. Makes up large blood vessels, large airways to lungs, ciliary body muscles, iris, and base of hair follicles
  • Single- unit: Also called visceral smooth muscle. Makes up the gut and urogenital tract. Self-excitable, muscle contracts as a single Unit. Contractions are slow

NRSG 203 (19 decks)

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