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NRSG 203 > Genetics and Cell Division > Flashcards

Genetics and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

G0 Cell

A

A cell that will never divide within its lifetime, such as a muscle cell, a nerve cell, or a red blood cell

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2
Q

G1 Phase

A
  • Cell is metabolically active
  • Organelles duplicate
  • Centrosome replication begins
  • Approx. 8-10 hours
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3
Q

S Phase

A
  • DNA replicates
  • Approx. 8 hours
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4
Q

G2 Phase

A
  • Cell growth continues
  • Enzymes and protein are synthesized
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5
Q

Somatic Cell

A
  • Diploid
  • While in G1, the cell has one copy of each gene from both parents, making two total copies. Each copy is unwound but has only one chromatid worth of genetic material
  • When S phase occurs, each chromatid doubles into a chromosome, therefore each chromosome has two copies of the genetic material it contains
  • Homologous pairs contain two chromosomes that each code for the same gene (4 copies of genetic material), one from the mother and one from the father
  • Reproduce during mitosis
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6
Q

Mitotic Prophase

A
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • Nuclear wall degenerates
  • Centrosomes begin to move apart
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7
Q

Mitotic Prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear membrane fully disappears
  • microtubules connect centromeres to centrosomes
  • Kinetochore proteins appear, which link the centromere to the spindle fiber microtubule
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8
Q

Mitotic Metaphase

A
  • Centromeres of chromosomes gather at the metaphase plate
  • Microtubules begin to form into spindle fibers
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9
Q

Mitotic Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres of chromosomes split
  • Sister chromatids move toward opposite sides of the cell
  • Non-kinetochore microtubules overlap and push on each other to elongate the cell
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10
Q

Mitotic Telophase

A
  • Spindle fibers dissolve
  • Chromosomes become chromatin
  • New nuclear membrane forms
  • Cleavage furrow develops
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11
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Occurs with telophase
  • Cytoplasm divides
  • Actin and Myosin behave like a drawstring and pinch the cell into two individual cells
  • The new cells not enter interphase
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12
Q

G1 Checkpoints

A
  • Nutrients are sufficient
  • Cell size big enough
  • DNA undamaged
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13
Q

G2 Checkpoints

A

-Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase
- These combine to form maturation promoting factor
- MPF triggers mitosis

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14
Q

External Development Checkpoints

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Density dependent inhibition: if an area becomes too densely packed with cells, they stop dividing
  • Anchorage dependence: cells must be attached to substratum in order to divide
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15
Q

Cancer Cells

A
  • No density dependent inhibition
  • No anchorage dependence
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16
Q

Gamete Cells

A
  • Haploid
  • Contains chromatids from the parent cell that have undergone crossing over
  • Used for reproduction
  • Produced through meiosis
17
Q

Meiosis I vs Meiosis II

A
  • Meiosis I reduces the chromosomes from diploid to haploid
  • Meiosis II Produces four genetically unique daughter cells
18
Q

Crossing Over

A
  • Occurs when a tetrad forms what is known as a chiasma and transfers genetic material from one chromosome to the next
  • Increases genetic variability by forming a completely unique new chromosome
19
Q

Meiosis I

A
  • Prophase chromatin condenses into tetrads and crossing over occurs
  • Metaphase tetrads line up at the metaphase plate
  • Anaphase homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
    -Telophase chromosomes become chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis occurs
  • The cell is now haploid
20
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • Exactly like mitosis except the chromosomes are genetically unique
21
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Each chromosome pair is broken apart and sorted into its new cell independently of the others, so there are many possible combinations

22
Q

Meiosis I VS Meiosis II malfunctions

A
  • If a cell malfunctions during meiosis I, all daughter cells will have the wrong number of chromatids
  • Il a cell malfunctions during meiosis II, only half the cells will be messed up
23
Q

Codominance

A
  • Two distinct alleles each affect the phenotype
  • Both phenotypes will appear at the same time
24
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A
  • A mix of two alleles creates its own distinct phenotype
25
Q

Pleiotropy

A
  • One allele affects multiple different phenotypes
26
Q

Polygeny

A
  • When a phenotype is determined by two or more phenotypes

NRSG 203 (15 decks)

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