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KN 251 > Muscle Mechanics and Control > Flashcards

Muscle Mechanics and Control Flashcards

1
Q

Outermost tissue of skeletal muscle, forms the overcoat of the muscle and helps to separate it from other muscles

A

Epimysium

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2
Q

Continues past the fleshy part of muscle to help form its attachment to the bone

A

Epimysium

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3
Q

Within each skeletal muscle, surrounds a group of muscle fibers or muscles cells which are held together.

A

Perimysium

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4
Q

Each group of muscle fibers or cells that is wrapped by the perimysium

A

Fascicles

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5
Q

Within each fascicle are

A

muscle cells/fibers

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6
Q

Connective tissue which surrounds muscle fibers and goes between each one within fascicles

A

Endomysium

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7
Q

Connective tissue sheets also provide entry and exit routes for blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the muscle, these bloods vessels and fibers are called

A

Neurovascular bundle

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8
Q

Important for the activity of skeletal muscle because skeletal muscle is completely dependent upon the nerves, aka innervation

A

Neurovascular Bundle (Nerve Supply)

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9
Q

Normally a muscle is supplied by one nerve, which may supply only one, two, or several muscles?

A

Several muscles

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10
Q

T/F: Skeletal muscle tissues is striated

A

True

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11
Q

Endomysium, Perimysium, and Epimysium form these 4 types of muscle attachments

A

Tendons
Apopneurosis
Fleshy Attachments
Dermal Attachments

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12
Q

Extensions of connective tissue sheaths, forming a cord like attachment to outer covering of bone, periostium

A

Tendons

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13
Q

Tendons are usually marked by what structure on bone?

A

Tubercle

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14
Q

Type of attachment that is a broad sheet of connective tissue for the attachment of a muscle

A

Apopneurosis

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15
Q

Attaches and forms a ridge like or line on skeletal structure it attaches to, but may also attach do dermis of skin

A

Apopneurosis

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16
Q

Muscle fibers continue almost to the bone, there is very little connective tissue.

A

Fleshy Attachments

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17
Q

Fleshy attachments occur where bone is like this, because the forces are widely distributed along attachment site, rather than one location

A

Smooth

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18
Q

Muscle fibers attach to the connective tissue of the dermis of the skin (like muscles of facial expression)

A

Dermal Attachments

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19
Q

Gives the shape to muscles

A

Fascicle arrangement

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20
Q

The strength of muscle and direction in which the pulled are determined by the orientation of…

A

The fascicles

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21
Q

A feather shaped type of muscle fibers

A

Pennate

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22
Q

All muscles attach from one side

A

Unipennate

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23
Q

All muscles attach from two sides

A

Bipennate

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24
Q

Shaped like a bunch of feathers converged on a single point

Arranged diagonally causes slight reduction of force, but more fibers meaning more cross sectional area and overall greater strength

A

Multipennate

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25
Q

Fan shaped fibers, broad origin and narrow insertion. Strong because fascicles exert tension on relatively small insertion

A

Convergent

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26
Q

Sphincter forming rings around body openings

A

Circular

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27
Q

Thick in the middle and taper on both ends, forming a belly in the middle. Contractions are moderately strong.

A

Fusiform

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28
Q

Long straplike muscles of uniform width and parallel fasicles. Small cross section. Spread over long distances and shorten more, but small cross section.

A

Parallel

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29
Q

What gives muscles their strength

A

Cross sectional area

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30
Q

Longer muscles can shorten more, and more parallel.

A

Ok, but they’re not very powerful

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31
Q

Origins and insertions of muscles

A

Attachment points

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32
Q

Proximal attachment, usually the less moveable attachment. Tendons are usually longer.

A

Origin

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33
Q

Distal attachment, usually the more freely moveable attachment. Tendons usually shorter.

A

Insertion

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34
Q

Muscles pull on both ends, bringing both ends of muscle towards the proximal end

A

OK

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35
Q

Muscles must do what to cause an action?

A

Cross a joint

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36
Q

The movement of a muscle can depend upon these two things

A

1) The axis of the joint crossed

2) The side that the muscle crosses

37
Q

Describes the bone-muscle relationships

A

Lever System

38
Q

Component of lever system, the elongated rigid object that rotates around a fixed point

A

Lever

39
Q

Component of lever system which is the fixed point around which the levers will rotate (axis)

A

Fulcrum

40
Q

Component of lever system which is the effort applied at one end of the lever to overcome the weight or load

A

Force/Effort

41
Q

The weight or resistance at some point of the lever that will be overcome by the force

A

Load

42
Q

What are the levers in the human body

A

Rigid bones

43
Q

What are the axis/fulcrum or pivot points

A

Joints, most commonly diarthrodial

44
Q

Force/effort of the human body

A

Muscles

45
Q

The resistance/load of lever system in human body

A

Gravity, or other externally applied resistance

46
Q

Class of lever where the fulcrum is between the force and the load

A

1st class

47
Q

The effort is applied at one end of the lever, the fulcrum is at the other, and the load is at the middle.

A

2nd Class

48
Q

The effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load, the most common in the human body

A

3rd Class

49
Q

It is important to notice that the effort is the point where the muscle attaches to the bone, not the muscle belly

A

OKOK

50
Q

The neck muscles are an example of

A

1st class lever

51
Q

Lifting body weight up onto toes is an example of

A

2nd class lever

52
Q

Doing bicep curls is an example of

A

3rd class lever

53
Q

These type of levers are designed to increase speed and range of motion of the distal end of the lever

A

3rd Class Lever

54
Q

These type of levers achieve the goal of human motion which is to move through space better than 1st or 2nd class levers

A

3rd Class Lever

55
Q

Most effective interaction of skeletal muscle to produce an action causing the movement.

A

Prime Mover or Agonist

56
Q

Opposite of the agonist, contraction causes joint action which reverses the movement

A

Antagonist

57
Q

Helps prime mover and reduces undersireable movement that may occur as prime mover contracts

Ex: muscles crossing two joints

A

Synergist

58
Q

Anchors, steadies or supports a bone or body part so that an active muscle has a firm base on which to pull

A

Fixators or stabilizers

59
Q

Many synergists and stablizers are involved in what type of muscles?

A

Posturizers

60
Q

Muscles may act as prime mover in one movement, antagonist in another, synergist or fixator in a third

A

!

61
Q

What are the two rhomboids of the scapula?

A

Major and Minor

62
Q

These muscles retract the scapula as agonists or prime movers

A

Rhomboids

63
Q

There are antagonists to the serratus anterior muscle which protracts the scapula

A

Rhomboids

64
Q

These are stabilizers of the scapula to allow the levator scapula to extend the neck

A

Rhomboids

65
Q

These are synergistic to retraction of the scapula with the middle fibers of the trapezius

A

Rhomboids

66
Q

The control of the somatic motor system by the nervous system

A

Neuromuscular control

67
Q

Brain sends messages through a group of tracks that will synapse on motor cells in the brain stem and the spinal cord which will ultimately send info to cranial nerves and spinal nerves of head neck and body

A

!

68
Q

What aspect of frontal lobe of the brain directs all intentional/volitional movements?

A

Primary Motor Cortex (in precentral gyrus)

69
Q

As an action potential develops it send messages to cells in cranial nerve nuclei and spinal chord, they are sent down the

A

Pyramidal Tract

70
Q

Motor neurons located in both the spinal cord and cranial nerve nuclei which receive messages from brain after the pyramidal tract

A

Alpha motor neurons

71
Q

These send messages via cranial or spinal nerves to the muscles of the head neck and body

A

Alpha motor neurons

72
Q

Alpha motor neurons send what type of information to the cranial and spinal nerves? Also known as motor information which causes muscles to contract

A

Efferent information

73
Q

These nerves go to the head and neck

A

Cranial nerves

74
Q

These nerves go to muscles within the body

A

Spinal nerves

75
Q

Where cranial and spinal nerves exit alpha motor neurons they terminate on muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers

76
Q

An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates on these

A

Motor Unit

77
Q

Small ratio of nerves to muscle fibers gives

A

Fine control (like eye muscles)

78
Q

Large ratio of nerves to muscle gives

A

Gross control (postural muscles)

79
Q

Review segment at 26:30 for description

A

OK

80
Q

The nerve ending and the muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

81
Q

What type of connection is made at neuromuscular junction?

A

Synapse

82
Q

Folded part of muscle cell membrane that forms synapse with motor nerve

A

Motor End Plate

83
Q

The sense of knowing where our body is in space, involves sensory feedback to the brain from the muscles

A

Proprioception

84
Q

This occurs via muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

A

Proprioception

85
Q

Stretch receptors within muscle that tell the state of contraction/tension of the muscle, especially abundant in muscles that require fine control

A

Muscle Spindles

86
Q

Located in tendons of muscles, monitor the pull or contraction on a tendon and send it to the brain

A

Golgi Tendons

87
Q

Information coming from brain that is motor information

A

Efferent Information

88
Q

Information coming into the brain from the skeletal muscles

A

Afferent Information

KN 251 (17 decks)

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