Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KN 251 > Energy for Muscle Contraction > Flashcards

Energy for Muscle Contraction Flashcards

1
Q

Term used to describe all biochemical events occurring in the body at any given point in time. Consists of energy being used during these events

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Term for smaller molecules becoming larger molecules. Like AAs becoming proteins, fatty acids become phospholipids

Prominent in growth and devlopment

A

Anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Break down of larger molecules into smaller . Glucose –> carbon, digestion

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A colelction of catabolic events involved in the breakdown of food products in cells which are required to produce ATP, building blocks of cell too. Primary role is to generate ATP

A

Cellular (Internal) Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The process of energy containing nutrients starting with the digestion passing to blood then tissue. In cells of tissue, the nutrients are metabolised to build up or break down molecules.

Finally, remainder are broken down in mitochondria into ATP.

A

Metabolic Flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Another place other than food to acquire energy

A

Existing stores of energy in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

One of 3 types of reactions. This one O2 and H atoms are involved.

A

Oxidation Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

OR reaction involving gain of O2 or loss of H atoms/electrons

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

OR reaction involving loss of O2 or gain of H atoms/electrons

A

Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Energy is ______ in the oxidized substance, ____ by the reduced substance

A

Lost in oxidized substance

Gained in reduced substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enzymes that perform redox reactions

A

dehydrogenases, oxidases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two main cofactors of redox reactions

A

NAD+

FAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do these cofactors do?

A

Transfer energy from one compound to another during redox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are NAD+ and FAD+ derivitives of? (3 things)

A

B vitamins - NAD

Niacin and riboflavin - FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phosphorylation means….

A

Activate something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

One of three types of reactions involving direct enzymatic phosphorylation, typically involved in formation of ATP

A

Substrate phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

X-P + ADP –>

A

X + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the energy?

A

Phosphate bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Another reaction to phosphorylate or activate something, most ATP made this way.

Occurs in mitochondrian through electron transport chain, multi step process

Indirect phosphorylation that involves oxygen

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Term for a mechanism of ATP without using oxygen being used

A

Anaerobic Sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Myosin head ATP, already stored there. Sort of but not really anaerobic

A

Stored ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation that is anaerobic

Creatine-P + ADP –> ATP + Creatine.

One of the quickest form of energy that occurs in cytosplasm of skeletal muscle

A

Creatine Kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pathway that produces ATP involving glucose breakdown

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Creatine kinase occurs in

Glycolysis occurs in

A

Cytoplasm/Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Chemical product of glycolysis that is untapped energy? (How many?)
2 pyruvates (pyruvid acid)
26
How much ATP, or in other words, immediate energy from glycolysis?
2 ATP
27
How much reduced forms of NAD+, or energy being transferred from glycolysis?
2 reduced forms of NAD+
28
Glucose is only partially oxidized Some extracted to make atp, some in pyruvates, some extracted by NAD to be trasnferred somehwere else
!!
29
First phase of glycolysis where 2 ATPs are invested, converting glucose to fructose and phosphorylate (phosphorylation) Energy used to active glucose
sugar activation
30
Step 2 of glyoclysis that breaks down 6 carbon molecule into 2,3 carbon molecules, each carrying phosphate. No ATP extracted, no energy extracted
Sugar Cleavage.
31
Third phase of glycolysis where each 3 C molecule is oxidized by REMOVING H ATOMS and transferring them to NAD + (NADH H+) 4 ADP are phosphorlated to ATP, 2 net ATP gained
Oxidation and ATP formation
32
Review summary of Glycolysis Pathway in book. Don't memorize substrates/products but know different phases and the outcome of them. Know products of glycolysis (2 ATP, etc) Know reduced substances (H atoms) 2 pyruvic acids
!
33
The remaining oxidation of the glucose molecule is performed where?
Mitochondria
34
First step is conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2 molecules)
Mitocholdrial Aerobic Respiration
35
3C pyruvate -> 2C (Acetyl CoA); release CO2, generate NADH +H+
Mitochondrial Aerobic Respiration
36
Where is CO2 sent?
Bloodstream for exhalation
37
2nd aerobic phase, where acetyl CoA (2C) is broken down completelely to yield 3 NADH +H+, reduced cofactor x2 = 6 1FADH2 reduced cofactor x 2 = 2 1 ATP x 2 = 2
Krebs Cycle
38
Location of krebs cycle
Mitochondrial Matrix
39
What is located in the mitochondrial matrix that facilitates reactions?
Enzymes
40
Just know where it occurs and what products are received out of the Krebs cycle
!
41
Substrates and products DON'T go around in a circular fashion.
!
42
Final oxidation step that extracts energy from reduced compounds (FADH and NADH) and synthesizes ATP Splits H atom into proton and e- (breaks H bond) Clusters of redox enzymes located on inner mitochondrial membrane Uses O2
Electron Transport Chain
43
Electron Transport Chain is located in the _____ which is outside the mitochondrial matrix
Inner mitochondrial membrane
44
The NADH could have come from Krebs cycle or
Glycolysis
45
NADH and FADH are oxidized meaning...
H atoms are removed
46
What happens to the H atoms?
split into e- and H+ (proton)
47
electrons are passed down the chain of redox enzymes, energy from electron is used to
pump protons into intermembrane space
48
What is created by the passing of electrons down the chain of redox enzymes?
A Battery (Polarity)
49
In the membrane there is these molecules which uses energy from diffusion to synthesize ATP (from ADP and inorganic phosphate from other mechanisms) as H+ diffuses across the membrane.
ATP synthase enzymes
50
While ATP synthase synthesizes ATP and protons move into mitchondrial matrix from intermembrane space, need to find a way to dispose of loose electrons. What happens to them?
Combined with protons that have arrived from ATP synthase and Oxygen
51
Where does oxygen come from?
Inhalation
52
What does combination of electrons and oxygen and hydrogens form after the electron transfer chain?
Water
53
How much ATP do you get from each molecule of glucose?
Roughly 32 ATP
54
Most of energy is produced in which process?
Electron Transport Chain?
55
What process does it use?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
56
Are electron transport chain outcomes of ATP exact?
No, variable. But 32 is approximate. Just know it produces majority of ATP
57
``` Oxidative= Aerobic Reduction = Anaerobic ```
``` Glycolysis = Anaerobic (Oxygen not necessary for that pathway) Krebs = Aerobic - MUST HAVE OXYGEN EVEN THOUGH ITS NOT USED DIRECTLY ```
58
What role does oxygen play in Krebs cycle?
The products formed from Krebs need oxygen present to be moved away and used in electron transport chain.
59
``` Does not require O2 (creatine kinase and glycolysis) Requires O2 (Electron Transport Chain and Krebs Cycle) ```
Anaerobic | Aerobic
60
If electron transport chain (ETC) comes to a halt because of no O2, what else will stop because it is intertwined with ETC?
Krebs cycle
61
During heavy exercise, there is an increase in blood lactate seen. Interpreted to mean that body was converting from aerobic to anaerobic mechanisms for ATP synthesis due to lack of oxygen in mitochondrion. Is this definition true?
NOPE!
62
What is produced and shifted to krebs cycle at end of glycolysis?
Pryuvate
63
In a healthy person, ___ is present in | mitochondrion
Oxygen
64
The reason for buildup of lactate is because Krebs and ETC have a collectively _______er velocity than the glycolysis enzymes
Slower
65
What does the slower rate of ETC and Krebs vs glycolysis cause? What happens to the molecule?
A build up of pyruvate It shuttles over to lactate
66
Lactate then diffuses out of muscle cell into bloodstream and can be used by other muscle cells (slow oxidative) and reconvert it back to pyruvate and use it
!
67
Can the heart use lactate? Why?
Yes. Because it has huge numbers of mitochondria
68
Is lactate a waste product?
No. It's a fuel.
69
The physiological inability to contract skeletal muscle
Fatigue
70
Causes of fatigue
ATP production can't keep up with usage Psychological Factors pH changes (lactate acid is acid, makes enzymes less efficient) Neurological transmission of action potential, either through nerve or at n-m junction Ionic Imbalance - K+ loss Mitochondrial Function (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome)
71
Replenishment of oxygen reserves, glycogen stores, ATP re-synthesis
Excess postexercise O2 consumption
72
How efficient is skeletal muscle?
20-25%
73
What happens to the rest of energy? Mostly good thing unless there's too much of it.
Lost as heat
74
Fuel source for ATP production
Glucose
75
Makes glycogen from glucose
Glycogenesis
76
Breakdown glycogen to extract glucose
Glycogenolysis
77
Make glucose from other source (ex: amino acids)
Gluconeogenesis
78
Also used for fuel. Products of breakdown can be fed into krebs, glycolysis pathway and energy is extracted
Lipids
79
Storage of lipids
Lipogenesis
80
Break down of fat to use for energy
Lipolysis
81
Can also be used for fuel, rarely a good thing because you are at starvation
Proteins
82
How can amino acids be used as energy?
Oxidation of amino acids

KN 251 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions