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KN 251 > Energy for Muscle Contraction > Flashcards

Energy for Muscle Contraction Flashcards

1
Q

Term used to describe all biochemical events occurring in the body at any given point in time. Consists of energy being used during these events

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Term for smaller molecules becoming larger molecules. Like AAs becoming proteins, fatty acids become phospholipids

Prominent in growth and devlopment

A

Anabolism

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3
Q

Break down of larger molecules into smaller . Glucose –> carbon, digestion

A

Catabolism

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4
Q

A colelction of catabolic events involved in the breakdown of food products in cells which are required to produce ATP, building blocks of cell too. Primary role is to generate ATP

A

Cellular (Internal) Respiration

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5
Q

The process of energy containing nutrients starting with the digestion passing to blood then tissue. In cells of tissue, the nutrients are metabolised to build up or break down molecules.

Finally, remainder are broken down in mitochondria into ATP.

A

Metabolic Flow

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6
Q

Another place other than food to acquire energy

A

Existing stores of energy in body

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7
Q

One of 3 types of reactions. This one O2 and H atoms are involved.

A

Oxidation Reduction

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8
Q

OR reaction involving gain of O2 or loss of H atoms/electrons

A

Oxidation

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9
Q

OR reaction involving loss of O2 or gain of H atoms/electrons

A

Reduction

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10
Q

Energy is ______ in the oxidized substance, ____ by the reduced substance

A

Lost in oxidized substance

Gained in reduced substance

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11
Q

Enzymes that perform redox reactions

A

dehydrogenases, oxidases

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12
Q

Two main cofactors of redox reactions

A

NAD+

FAD+

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13
Q

What do these cofactors do?

A

Transfer energy from one compound to another during redox

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14
Q

What are NAD+ and FAD+ derivitives of? (3 things)

A

B vitamins - NAD

Niacin and riboflavin - FAD

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15
Q

Phosphorylation means….

A

Activate something

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16
Q

One of three types of reactions involving direct enzymatic phosphorylation, typically involved in formation of ATP

A

Substrate phosphorylation

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17
Q

X-P + ADP –>

A

X + ATP

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18
Q

Where is the energy?

A

Phosphate bond

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19
Q

Another reaction to phosphorylate or activate something, most ATP made this way.

Occurs in mitochondrian through electron transport chain, multi step process

Indirect phosphorylation that involves oxygen

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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20
Q

Term for a mechanism of ATP without using oxygen being used

A

Anaerobic Sources

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21
Q

Myosin head ATP, already stored there. Sort of but not really anaerobic

A

Stored ATP

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22
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation that is anaerobic

Creatine-P + ADP –> ATP + Creatine.

One of the quickest form of energy that occurs in cytosplasm of skeletal muscle

A

Creatine Kinase

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23
Q

Pathway that produces ATP involving glucose breakdown

A

Glycolysis

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24
Q

Creatine kinase occurs in

Glycolysis occurs in

A

Cytoplasm/Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

Chemical product of glycolysis that is untapped energy? (How many?)

A

2 pyruvates (pyruvid acid)

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26
Q

How much ATP, or in other words, immediate energy from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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27
Q

How much reduced forms of NAD+, or energy being transferred from glycolysis?

A

2 reduced forms of NAD+

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28
Q

Glucose is only partially oxidized

Some extracted to make atp, some in pyruvates, some extracted by NAD to be trasnferred somehwere else

A

!!

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29
Q

First phase of glycolysis where 2 ATPs are invested, converting glucose to fructose and phosphorylate (phosphorylation)

Energy used to active glucose

A

sugar activation

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30
Q

Step 2 of glyoclysis that breaks down 6 carbon molecule into 2,3 carbon molecules, each carrying phosphate.

No ATP extracted, no energy extracted

A

Sugar Cleavage.

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31
Q

Third phase of glycolysis where each 3 C molecule is oxidized by REMOVING H ATOMS and transferring them to NAD + (NADH H+)

4 ADP are phosphorlated to ATP, 2 net ATP gained

A

Oxidation and ATP formation

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32
Q

Review summary of Glycolysis Pathway in book. Don’t memorize substrates/products but know different phases and the outcome of them.

Know products of glycolysis (2 ATP, etc)

Know reduced substances (H atoms)

2 pyruvic acids

A

!

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33
Q

The remaining oxidation of the glucose molecule is performed where?

A

Mitochondria

34
Q

First step is conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2 molecules)

A

Mitocholdrial Aerobic Respiration

35
Q

3C pyruvate -> 2C (Acetyl CoA); release CO2, generate NADH +H+

A

Mitochondrial Aerobic Respiration

36
Q

Where is CO2 sent?

A

Bloodstream for exhalation

37
Q

2nd aerobic phase, where acetyl CoA (2C) is broken down completelely to yield

3 NADH +H+, reduced cofactor x2 = 6
1FADH2 reduced cofactor x 2 = 2
1 ATP x 2 = 2

A

Krebs Cycle

38
Q

Location of krebs cycle

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

39
Q

What is located in the mitochondrial matrix that facilitates reactions?

A

Enzymes

40
Q

Just know where it occurs and what products are received out of the Krebs cycle

A

!

41
Q

Substrates and products DON’T go around in a circular fashion.

A

!

42
Q

Final oxidation step that extracts energy from reduced compounds (FADH and NADH) and synthesizes ATP

Splits H atom into proton and e- (breaks H bond)

Clusters of redox enzymes located on inner mitochondrial membrane

Uses O2

A

Electron Transport Chain

43
Q

Electron Transport Chain is located in the _____ which is outside the mitochondrial matrix

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

44
Q

The NADH could have come from Krebs cycle or

A

Glycolysis

45
Q

NADH and FADH are oxidized meaning…

A

H atoms are removed

46
Q

What happens to the H atoms?

A

split into e- and H+ (proton)

47
Q

electrons are passed down the chain of redox enzymes, energy from electron is used to

A

pump protons into intermembrane space

48
Q

What is created by the passing of electrons down the chain of redox enzymes?

A

A Battery (Polarity)

49
Q

In the membrane there is these molecules which uses energy from diffusion to synthesize ATP (from ADP and inorganic phosphate from other mechanisms) as H+ diffuses across the membrane.

A

ATP synthase enzymes

50
Q

While ATP synthase synthesizes ATP and protons move into mitchondrial matrix from intermembrane space, need to find a way to dispose of loose electrons. What happens to them?

A

Combined with protons that have arrived from ATP synthase and Oxygen

51
Q

Where does oxygen come from?

A

Inhalation

52
Q

What does combination of electrons and oxygen and hydrogens form after the electron transfer chain?

A

Water

53
Q

How much ATP do you get from each molecule of glucose?

A

Roughly 32 ATP

54
Q

Most of energy is produced in which process?

A

Electron Transport Chain?

55
Q

What process does it use?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

56
Q

Are electron transport chain outcomes of ATP exact?

A

No, variable. But 32 is approximate. Just know it produces majority of ATP

57
Q 
Oxidative= Aerobic
Reduction = Anaerobic
A 
Glycolysis = Anaerobic (Oxygen not necessary for that pathway)
Krebs = Aerobic - MUST HAVE OXYGEN EVEN THOUGH ITS NOT USED DIRECTLY
58
Q

What role does oxygen play in Krebs cycle?

A

The products formed from Krebs need oxygen present to be moved away and used in electron transport chain.

59
Q 
Does not require O2 (creatine kinase and glycolysis)
Requires O2 (Electron Transport Chain and Krebs Cycle)
A

Anaerobic

Aerobic

60
Q

If electron transport chain (ETC) comes to a halt because of no O2, what else will stop because it is intertwined with ETC?

A

Krebs cycle

61
Q

During heavy exercise, there is an increase in blood lactate seen.

Interpreted to mean that body was converting from aerobic to anaerobic mechanisms for ATP synthesis due to lack of oxygen in mitochondrion. Is this definition true?

A

NOPE!

62
Q

What is produced and shifted to krebs cycle at end of glycolysis?

A

Pryuvate

63
Q

In a healthy person, ___ is present in

mitochondrion

A

Oxygen

64
Q

The reason for buildup of lactate is because Krebs and ETC have a collectively _______er velocity than the glycolysis enzymes

A

Slower

65
Q

What does the slower rate of ETC and Krebs vs glycolysis cause?

What happens to the molecule?

A

A build up of pyruvate

It shuttles over to lactate

66
Q

Lactate then diffuses out of muscle cell into bloodstream and can be used by other muscle cells (slow oxidative) and reconvert it back to pyruvate and use it

A

!

67
Q

Can the heart use lactate? Why?

A

Yes. Because it has huge numbers of mitochondria

68
Q

Is lactate a waste product?

A

No. It’s a fuel.

69
Q

The physiological inability to contract skeletal muscle

A

Fatigue

70
Q

Causes of fatigue

A

ATP production can’t keep up with usage
Psychological Factors
pH changes (lactate acid is acid, makes enzymes less efficient)
Neurological transmission of action potential, either through nerve or at n-m junction
Ionic Imbalance - K+ loss
Mitochondrial Function (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome)

71
Q

Replenishment of oxygen reserves, glycogen stores, ATP re-synthesis

A

Excess postexercise O2 consumption

72
Q

How efficient is skeletal muscle?

A

20-25%

73
Q

What happens to the rest of energy? Mostly good thing unless there’s too much of it.

A

Lost as heat

74
Q

Fuel source for ATP production

A

Glucose

75
Q

Makes glycogen from glucose

A

Glycogenesis

76
Q

Breakdown glycogen to extract glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

77
Q

Make glucose from other source (ex: amino acids)

A

Gluconeogenesis

78
Q

Also used for fuel. Products of breakdown can be fed into krebs, glycolysis pathway and energy is extracted

A

Lipids

79
Q

Storage of lipids

A

Lipogenesis

80
Q

Break down of fat to use for energy

A

Lipolysis

81
Q

Can also be used for fuel, rarely a good thing because you are at starvation

A

Proteins

82
Q

How can amino acids be used as energy?

A

Oxidation of amino acids

KN 251 (17 decks)

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