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ANA126 > muscle histo > Flashcards

muscle histo Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  1. striated or smooth
  2. voluntary or involuntary
  3. all specialized for contraction
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2
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

1.skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac

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3
Q

order of muscle components from largest to smallest

A

-muscle
-muscle fascicle
-muscle fibre
-myofibrils
-actin and myosin filaments

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4
Q

what does the epimysium surround

A

muscle

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5
Q

what does the perimysium surround

A

muscle fascicle

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6
Q

what does the endomysium surround

A

muscle fibre

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7
Q

function of epi,peri,endomysium

A

reduce friction between layers of muscle tissue

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8
Q

muscle to tendons and apeneuroses

A

collage of fibres from endo,peri,epimusium that blend together into the tendon and apeneuroses for attachment

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9
Q

tendons to bony attachment

A

collage of fibres from tendons and apeneuroses interwoven with fibres of the periosteum

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10
Q

how is tendon/apeneurosis attached to periosteum

A

cemented to matrix of bone as sharpeys fibres (connect periosteum to bone)

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11
Q

how is blood and nerve supplied to muscle

A

vessels and nerves form neuromuscular bundle
-branch within the CT coverings and reach individual muscle fibres

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12
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of skeletal muscle fibre

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13
Q

what is sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibre

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14
Q

what are transverse tubules

A

-indentations of sarcolemma
-form network of tubes extending into sarcoplasm that ensure contraction signal is received at the same time throughout fibre

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15
Q

what are myofibrils

A

protein filaments made up of actin and myosin

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16
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what does it store and do

A

endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibre
-stores Ca2+ and forms sleeve around each myofibril

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17
Q

what are terminal cisterna

A

expansions fo sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side of T-tubules

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18
Q

what is a triad

A

pair of terminal cisternae with one intervening T-tubule

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19
Q

which filament is the thin filament

A

actin

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20
Q

which filament is the thick filament

A

myosin

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21
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

component of the myofibril for muscle contraction composed of actin and myosin

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22
Q

what is G actin (globular actin)

A

molecule with active binding site capable of binding to a thick filament

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23
Q

what is F actin (filamentous actin)

A

polymers of G molecule which form a filament

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24
Q

what is tropomyosin

A

-covers active sites of G actin
-prevents actin myosin interactions

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25
Q

what is troponin

A

-has binding site for calcium
-signals for tropomyosin to move off active site with increase calcium presence

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26
Q

how many thin filaments surround a thick

A

6

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27
Q

parts of the sarcomere

A

z line
m line
h zone
i band
a band
zone of overlap

28
Q

what is the z line

A

thin filaments attach together and delineate the sarcomere

29
Q

what is the m line

A

thick filaments attach together and extend toward z lines

30
Q

what is in h zone

A

only thick filaments (myosin)

31
Q

what is in i band

A

only thin filaments (actin)

32
Q

what is a band

A

length of thick filament
-zone of overlap and h zone

33
Q

what is in zone of overlap

A

thin and thick filaments

34
Q

what are ends of sarcomere

A

z lines

35
Q

with contraction, what happens to;
length of sarcomere
size of h and i bands
length of a band
length of zone of overlap

A

-shortened
-shortened
-constant
-increased

36
Q

what initiates muscle contraction

A

Ca2+

37
Q

how does muscle contraction happen

A

in presence of calcium, actin site becomes available, myosin head binds (cross-bridges), crossbridges rotate toward centre of sarcomere

38
Q

what causes cross bridges to detach after they rotate

A

ATP binds to myosin

39
Q

why is muscle relaxation largely passive

A

1.tissue elasticity
2. pull of antagonist muscles
3.gravity

40
Q

what is a motor unit

A

motor neuron and all muscle fibres it innervates

41
Q

what type of motor neuron is the motor neuron in motor unit

A

lower motor neuron

42
Q

how do we have precision in actions

A

ration of motor neuron to number of muslce fibres changes - more fibres = less precise

43
Q

how is there smooth contraction of muscle

A

fibres of each motor unit are intermingled within one muscle

44
Q

can only some muscle fibres from one motor unit contract while others dont

A

no - all contract or none

45
Q

how do we avoid burnout

A

some motor units contract while others rest

46
Q

what is a isotonic contraction and what are the types

A

no change in tension while muscle changes length
-concentric
-eccentric

47
Q

what is the difference between concentric and eccentric isotonic contraction

A

concentric
-shortening, joint angle gets smaller, overcoming weight, against gravity

eccentric
-lengthening, joint angle gets bigger, controlled lowering of weight, gravity would otherwise pull object down

48
Q

what is a isometric contraction

A

no change in length
-tension generated is not enough to exceed resistance of object to be moved and muscle does not change length

49
Q

what are the factors affecting tension

A
  1. sarcomere length
  2. frequency of stimulation
  3. motor unit size
  4. recruitment of motor units
50
Q

what happens with muscle hypertrophy

A

-more mitochondria
-higher glycogen reserves
-more glycogen enzymes
-increased myofibrils with increased myofilaments

51
Q

how does muscle hypertrophy happen

A

repeated stimulation of muscle near maximal tension

52
Q

what are the 3 muscle fibre types and what are they for

A
  1. slow oxidative - postural, antigravity muscles
  2. fast glycolytic - fine control like hand and eye
  3. fast oxidative-glycolytic - largest fibres - leg
53
Q

what determines the proportion of fibres within a muscle

A

function and genetics

54
Q

specifically, ratio of slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibres are determined by what

A

genetics

55
Q

can fibres in the same motor unit be different types

A

no

56
Q

where is cardiac muscle found and what are characteristics

A

-only heart
-striated, involuntary

57
Q

what are cardiocytes

A

cells that form branching network and join at the intercalated discs

58
Q

what are intercalated discs

A

-gap junctions provide intercellular communication
-desmosomes provide anchorage for intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton

59
Q

what are pacemaker cells

A

set basic rate of contraction - impulses conducted through gap junctions

60
Q

what is contraction of cardiac muscle modulated by

A

autonomic nervous system

61
Q

can cardiac muscle regenerate

A

no

62
Q

what junctions hold cardiac muscle fibres together

A

tight

63
Q

where is smooth muscle and what are characteristics

A

-respiratory, circulatory, digestive, reproductive tracts
- non striated, involuntary

64
Q

why is smooth muscle non-striated

A

spindle shaped cells - myofilaments are arranged irregularly

65
Q

what are pacesetter cells

A

set basic rate of contraction in smooth muscle

66
Q

what modulates smooth muscle contraction

A

ANS

67
Q

can smooth muscle regenerate and repair

A

yes

ANA126 (40 decks)

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