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ANA126 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

CT composed of

A

-extracellular matrix
-cells

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2
Q

what is extracellular matrix

A

protein fibres + ground substance
-structural components determine tissue qualities

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3
Q

ground substance

A

jelly like material between protein fibres and cells in extracellular matrix

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4
Q

CT functions

A

-binds, supports, strengthens other body tissues
-protects + separates different structures
-stores energy
-transports fluid + dissolved materials
-immune response

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5
Q

general structure of CT

A

-cells not densely packed
-not just cells (fibres, ground substance)
-deeper tissue
-vascular (except cartilage + tendons)
-has nerves

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6
Q

where is CT relative to other tissues

A

between layer of epithelium and muscle tissue

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7
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic fluid that gives rise to all other CT

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8
Q

mesenchymal cells differentiate into what cells

A

-fibroblasts
-chondroblasts
-osteoblasts
-hematopoietic stem cells

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9
Q

fibrocytes make up which CT group

A

connective tissue proper

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10
Q

chondrocytes make up which CT group

A

cartilage

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11
Q

osteocytes make up which CT group

A

bone

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12
Q

blood cell makes up which CT group

A

blood

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13
Q

what is fibrous CT

A

connective tissue proper

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14
Q

what is supportive CT

A

cartilage and bone

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15
Q

what is fluid CT

A

blood

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16
Q

types of connective tissue proper

A

-loose CT
-dense CT

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17
Q

types of loose CT

A

-areolar CT
-adipose CT
-reticular CT

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18
Q

types of dense CT

A

-dense regular CT
-dense irregular CT
-elastic CT

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19
Q

types of cartilage

A

-hyaline
-fibrocartilage
-elastic

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20
Q

types of bone

A

-compact
-spongy (aka cancellous, trabecular)

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21
Q

cells in CT

A

-fibroblasts
-adipocytes

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22
Q

fibroblasts appearance

A

large, flat, branching aspects

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23
Q

fibroblasts function

A

-produces + maintains fibres + ground substance in extracellular matrix
-help with healing cuts - make scars

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24
Q

adipocytes appearance

A

nucleus is compressed to one side by enormous lipid droplet

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25
Q

adipocyte function

A

store energy (triglycerides)

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26
Q

types of fibres in CT

A

-collagen
-elastic
-reticular

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27
Q

collagen fibres appearance

A

-straight or wavy bundles of multiple fibres

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28
Q

collagen fibres function

A

-high strength resists stretching
-provides some flexibility

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29
Q

elastic fibres appearance

A

-smaller in diameter to collagen
-form fibrous network
-stretched = wavy, relaxed = curly

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30
Q

elastic fibres function

A

-provides strength + flexibility

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31
Q

elastic fibres locations

A

skin, lungs, blood vessels

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32
Q

reticular fibres appearance

A

fine bundles of collagen fibres coated in glycoprotein
“cherry tree”

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33
Q

reticular fibres function

A

provides structural support
- forms network around cells
-helps form basement membrane

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34
Q

reticular fibres location

A

blood vessel walls

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35
Q

fibres in order of strength

A

1.reticular
2.collagen
3.elastic

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36
Q

fibres in order of flexibility

A

1.elastic
2.collagen
3.reticular

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37
Q

difference between loose and dense CT

A

loose: fibres are arranged loosely between cells
dense: fibres are thicker + densely packed

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38
Q

areolar CT structure

A

-all types of fibres arranged randomly
-many kinds of cells embedded in ground substance

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39
Q

areolar CT function

A

provides strength, elasticity, support in many directions

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40
Q

areolar CT locations

A

-in + around nearly every body structure
-subcutaneous tissue + papillary dermis of skin
-covered by epithelial lining of organs
-between muscles
-lamina propria of mucous membranes
-around blood vessels, nerves, joints

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41
Q

which is the most widely distributed tissue in the body

A

areolar CT

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42
Q

adipose CT structure

A

many adipose cells packed into tissue
-white in adults
-brown in infants

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43
Q

adipose CT function

A

-reduces heat loss
-energy storage
-provides protection by cushioning organs

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44
Q

adipose CT locations

A

-deep to dermis
-surrounds kidneys, heart, eyes, some joints
-yellow bone marrow

45
Q

reticular CT structue

A

-fine interlacing network of reticular fibres + cells
cherry tree

46
Q

reticular CT function

A

-forms stroma (supporting framework) of organs
-binds together smooth muscle tissue cells
-filters + removes worn out blood cells in spleen + microbes in lymph nodes

47
Q

reticular CT locations

A

-stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes
-red boen marrow
-reticular lamina of basement membrane
-around blood vessels + muscles

48
Q

dense regular CT structure

A

-collagen fibres regularly arranged in bundles
-fibroblasts between bundles

49
Q

significance of fibre arrangement in tissues

A

tissues have strength along the length of the fibres, withstand pulling along long axis

50
Q

dense regular CT function

A

-provides strong attachment between bones/muscles
-withstands tension along fibre direction

51
Q

dense regular CT locations

A

-tendons - cord like
-ligaments
-aponeuroses - sheet like connections

52
Q

elastic CT structure

A

-mostly elastic fibres
-fibroblasts between fibres

53
Q

elastic Ct functions

A

-allows stretch + recoil of organs + vessels
-stabilizes vertebrae

54
Q

elastic CT locations

A

-lung tissue
-walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes
-true vocal cords
-suspensory ligament of penis
-ligaments between vertebrae

55
Q

dense irregular CT structure

A

-irregularly arranged, tightly packed + woven collagen fibres
-usually in sheets
-fibroblasts between fibres

56
Q

dense irregular CT function

A

-provides tensile strength in multiple directions

57
Q

dense irregular CT locations

A

-fasciae
-reticular dermis of skin
-heart pericardium
-bone periosteum
-cartilage perichondrium
-articular capsules
-membrane capsules (kidneys, liver)
-heart valves

58
Q

cartilage structure (extracellular matrix - cells, fibres, ground substance)

A

-extracellular matrix is abundant, firm, gel-like, resilient + smooth
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-collegen fibres
-ground substance is hydrophilic - resists compression due to high water content
-surrounded by perichondrium

59
Q

cartilage characteristics

A

-avascular
-no lymph nodes
-no nerves
-metabolizes glucose through anaerobic glycolysis
-nourished through ground substance in surrounding tissues
-repair slowly

60
Q

perichondrium function

A

surrounds cartilage to provide nourishment, assist is growth + provide attachment point for other structures

61
Q

perichondrium structure

A

-dense irregular CT
-surrounds surface of cartilage
-contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessles + nerves

62
Q

types of cartilage

A

-hyaline
-fibrous
-elastic

63
Q

hyaline cartilage structure

A

-resilient gel ground substance
-fine collagen fibres
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-most surrounded by perichondrium

64
Q

hyaline cartilage function

A

provides:
-smooth surface for joint movements
-flexibility
-support
-reduces friction
-resists compression

65
Q

hyaline cartilage locations

A

-articulating surfaces of long bones
-anterior ends of ribs
-nose
-larynx
-tracheal rings
-bronchi
-bronchial tubes
-embryonic + fetal skeleton

66
Q

elastic cartilage structure

A

-network of elastic fibres
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-surrounded by perichondrium
(similar to hyaline main difference is more elastic fibres)

67
Q

elastic cartilage function

A

-provides strength + elasticity
-maintains shape of certain structures

68
Q

elastic cartilage locations

A

-epiglottis
-external ear
-auditory tubes

69
Q

fibrocartilage structure

A

-little ground substance
-high proportion of dense collagen fibres in multiple directions (fibres more visible than in hyaline)
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-no perichondrium

70
Q

fibrocartilage function

A

-support + join structures together
-resists compression in multiple directions
-resists tension in multiple directions

71
Q

fibrocartilage location

A

-pubic symphysis
-intervertebral discs
-menisci (intra-articular discs)
-portions of tendons that insert into caritlage

72
Q

order of cartilage in strength

A

strongest
1.fibrocartilage
2.elastic cartilage
3.hyaline cartilage

73
Q

most abundant cartilage in the body

A

hyaline cartilage

74
Q

bone functions

A

-support
-protect
-mineral + lipid storage
-blood cell production (red bone marrow)
-act as levers to enable movement

75
Q

components of bone matrix

A

osteoid (organic matter):
-mostly collagen fibres
-glycoproteins + proteoglycans
inorganic matter:
-mostly calcium + phosphate in form hydroxyapatite

76
Q

strength imparted by osteoid (organic matter) of bone matrix

A

tensile strength
flexibility

77
Q

strength imparted by inorganic matter of bone matrix

A

compressional strength
mineral storage

78
Q

osteoblasts function

A

-bone building cells
-produce + secrete + mineralize osteoid
-process called deposition

79
Q

osteoblasts location

A

on surface of bone

80
Q

osteocytes function

A

-mature bone cells
-maintain surrounding bone tissue
-remodel bone

81
Q

osteocytes location

A

in lacunae
-cell processes extend into canaliculi to communicate through gap junctions

82
Q

osteoclasts function

A

-bone growth, maintenance + repair
-breakdown extracellular matrix of bone with acids + enzymes (digest protein + mineral components of matrix)
-called bone reabsorption (osteolysis)

83
Q

osteoclasts location

A

in resorption lacunae

84
Q

types of bone tissue

A

-compact (lamellar) - outer cortex
-spongy (cancellous, trabecular) - inner core

85
Q

bone shapes

A

-long
-short
-flat
-irregular
-sesamoid (bones that develop within tendons)

86
Q

compact bone structure

A

-osteons arranged vertically

87
Q

4 parts of osteons

A

-lamellae
-lacunae
-canaliculi
-central canal

88
Q

what are lamellae

A

layers formed by bone matrix arranged in concentric rings

89
Q

what are lacunae in bone

A

small spaces containing osteocytes between lamellae

90
Q

what are canaliculi

A

join processes on osteocytes to central canal
-permits intercellular communication

91
Q

what is the central canal

A

contains blood vessels + nerves

92
Q

spongy bone structural components

A

-lamellated trabeculae
-osteocytes in lacunae
-no central canal or osteon
-canaliculi open at surface
-red bone marrow fills spaces between trabeculae

93
Q

function of trabeculae

A

supporting structure
-orient along stress lines to resist compression from many directions

94
Q

why is spongy bone important

A

-bone is light but still strong - allows easy movement of limbs
-allows for hallow centre for blood vessels and nerves

95
Q

outer protective layer of bone

A

periosteum

96
Q

layers of periosteum

A

1.superficial fibrous layer - dense irregular CT
2.deep cellular/osteogenic layer - contains mesenchymal, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

97
Q

periosteum function

A

-protects bone
-assists in fracture repair
-nourishes bone tissue
-attachment point for ligaments + tendons

98
Q

endosteum location

A

lines the:
-marrow/medullary cavity
-trabeculae of spongy bone
-central + perforating canals of compact bone

99
Q

endosteum function

A

bone growth, repair, remodelling

100
Q

endosteum structure

A

incomlpete layer with osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

101
Q

how is bone remodelled

A

continuous resorption + deposition of matrix

102
Q

if osteoblast activity < osteoclast activity =

A

loss of bone mass / atrophy

103
Q

if osteoblast activity > osteoclast activity =

A

increase in bone mass / hypertrophy

104
Q

increasing bone in diameter process

A

-instramembraneous ossification on surface of bone increases bone diameter
(bone forms within condensed mesenchyme)
-osteoclasts on inner surface enlarge marrow cavity

105
Q

increasing bone length process

A

-growth continues as long as chondrogenesis on epiphyseal side keeps pace with osteogenesis on diaphyseal side
-once chondrogenesis stops, endochondral ossification closes the epiphyseal plate

106
Q

during growth states, does width of epiphyseal plate remain constant?

A

yes

107
Q

what determines the length of a mature bone?

A

timing of epiphyseal closure

108
Q

chondrogenesis

A

cartilage formation

109
Q

osteogenesis

A

bone formation

ANA126 (40 decks)

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