Connective Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
CT composed of
A
-extracellular matrix
-cells
2
Q
what is extracellular matrix
A
protein fibres + ground substance
-structural components determine tissue qualities
3
Q
ground substance
A
jelly like material between protein fibres and cells in extracellular matrix
4
Q
CT functions
A
-binds, supports, strengthens other body tissues
-protects + separates different structures
-stores energy
-transports fluid + dissolved materials
-immune response
5
Q
general structure of CT
A
-cells not densely packed
-not just cells (fibres, ground substance)
-deeper tissue
-vascular (except cartilage + tendons)
-has nerves
6
Q
where is CT relative to other tissues
A
between layer of epithelium and muscle tissue
7
Q
mesenchyme
A
embryonic fluid that gives rise to all other CT
8
Q
mesenchymal cells differentiate into what cells
A
-fibroblasts
-chondroblasts
-osteoblasts
-hematopoietic stem cells
9
Q
fibrocytes make up which CT group
A
connective tissue proper
10
Q
chondrocytes make up which CT group
A
cartilage
11
Q
osteocytes make up which CT group
A
bone
12
Q
blood cell makes up which CT group
A
blood
13
Q
what is fibrous CT
A
connective tissue proper
14
Q
what is supportive CT
A
cartilage and bone
15
Q
what is fluid CT
A
blood
16
Q
types of connective tissue proper
A
-loose CT
-dense CT
17
Q
types of loose CT
A
-areolar CT
-adipose CT
-reticular CT
18
Q
types of dense CT
A
-dense regular CT
-dense irregular CT
-elastic CT
19
Q
types of cartilage
A
-hyaline
-fibrocartilage
-elastic
20
Q
types of bone
A
-compact
-spongy (aka cancellous, trabecular)
21
Q
cells in CT
A
-fibroblasts
-adipocytes
22
Q
fibroblasts appearance
A
large, flat, branching aspects
23
Q
fibroblasts function
A
-produces + maintains fibres + ground substance in extracellular matrix
-help with healing cuts - make scars
24
Q
adipocytes appearance
A
nucleus is compressed to one side by enormous lipid droplet
25
adipocyte function
store energy (triglycerides)
26
types of fibres in CT
-collagen
-elastic
-reticular
27
collagen fibres appearance
-straight or wavy bundles of multiple fibres
28
collagen fibres function
-high strength resists stretching
-provides some flexibility
29
elastic fibres appearance
-smaller in diameter to collagen
-form fibrous network
-stretched = wavy, relaxed = curly
30
elastic fibres function
-provides strength + flexibility
31
elastic fibres locations
skin, lungs, blood vessels
32
reticular fibres appearance
fine bundles of collagen fibres coated in glycoprotein
"cherry tree"
33
reticular fibres function
provides structural support
- forms network around cells
-helps form basement membrane
34
reticular fibres location
blood vessel walls
35
fibres in order of strength
1.reticular
2.collagen
3.elastic
36
fibres in order of flexibility
1.elastic
2.collagen
3.reticular
37
difference between loose and dense CT
loose: fibres are arranged loosely between cells
dense: fibres are thicker + densely packed
38
areolar CT structure
-all types of fibres arranged randomly
-many kinds of cells embedded in ground substance
39
areolar CT function
provides strength, elasticity, support in many directions
40
areolar CT locations
-in + around nearly every body structure
-subcutaneous tissue + papillary dermis of skin
-covered by epithelial lining of organs
-between muscles
-lamina propria of mucous membranes
-around blood vessels, nerves, joints
41
which is the most widely distributed tissue in the body
areolar CT
42
adipose CT structure
many adipose cells packed into tissue
-white in adults
-brown in infants
43
adipose CT function
-reduces heat loss
-energy storage
-provides protection by cushioning organs
44
adipose CT locations
-deep to dermis
-surrounds kidneys, heart, eyes, some joints
-yellow bone marrow
45
reticular CT structue
-fine interlacing network of reticular fibres + cells
cherry tree
46
reticular CT function
-forms stroma (supporting framework) of organs
-binds together smooth muscle tissue cells
-filters + removes worn out blood cells in spleen + microbes in lymph nodes
47
reticular CT locations
-stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes
-red boen marrow
-reticular lamina of basement membrane
-around blood vessels + muscles
48
dense regular CT structure
-collagen fibres regularly arranged in bundles
-fibroblasts between bundles
49
significance of fibre arrangement in tissues
tissues have strength along the length of the fibres, withstand pulling along long axis
50
dense regular CT function
-provides strong attachment between bones/muscles
-withstands tension along fibre direction
51
dense regular CT locations
-tendons - cord like
-ligaments
-aponeuroses - sheet like connections
52
elastic CT structure
-mostly elastic fibres
-fibroblasts between fibres
53
elastic Ct functions
-allows stretch + recoil of organs + vessels
-stabilizes vertebrae
54
elastic CT locations
-lung tissue
-walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes
-true vocal cords
-suspensory ligament of penis
-ligaments between vertebrae
55
dense irregular CT structure
-irregularly arranged, tightly packed + woven collagen fibres
-usually in sheets
-fibroblasts between fibres
56
dense irregular CT function
-provides tensile strength in multiple directions
57
dense irregular CT locations
-fasciae
-reticular dermis of skin
-heart pericardium
-bone periosteum
-cartilage perichondrium
-articular capsules
-membrane capsules (kidneys, liver)
-heart valves
58
cartilage structure (extracellular matrix - cells, fibres, ground substance)
-extracellular matrix is abundant, firm, gel-like, resilient + smooth
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-collegen fibres
-ground substance is hydrophilic - resists compression due to high water content
-surrounded by perichondrium
59
cartilage characteristics
-avascular
-no lymph nodes
-no nerves
-metabolizes glucose through anaerobic glycolysis
-nourished through ground substance in surrounding tissues
-repair slowly
60
perichondrium function
surrounds cartilage to provide nourishment, assist is growth + provide attachment point for other structures
61
perichondrium structure
-dense irregular CT
-surrounds surface of cartilage
-contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessles + nerves
62
types of cartilage
-hyaline
-fibrous
-elastic
63
hyaline cartilage structure
-resilient gel ground substance
-fine collagen fibres
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-most surrounded by perichondrium
64
hyaline cartilage function
provides:
-smooth surface for joint movements
-flexibility
-support
-reduces friction
-resists compression
65
hyaline cartilage locations
-articulating surfaces of long bones
-anterior ends of ribs
-nose
-larynx
-tracheal rings
-bronchi
-bronchial tubes
-embryonic + fetal skeleton
66
elastic cartilage structure
-network of elastic fibres
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-surrounded by perichondrium
(similar to hyaline main difference is more elastic fibres)
67
elastic cartilage function
-provides strength + elasticity
-maintains shape of certain structures
68
elastic cartilage locations
-epiglottis
-external ear
-auditory tubes
69
fibrocartilage structure
-little ground substance
-high proportion of dense collagen fibres in multiple directions (fibres more visible than in hyaline)
-chondrocytes in lacunae
-no perichondrium
70
fibrocartilage function
-support + join structures together
-resists compression in multiple directions
-resists tension in multiple directions
71
fibrocartilage location
-pubic symphysis
-intervertebral discs
-menisci (intra-articular discs)
-portions of tendons that insert into caritlage
72
order of cartilage in strength
strongest
1.fibrocartilage
2.elastic cartilage
3.hyaline cartilage
73
most abundant cartilage in the body
hyaline cartilage
74
bone functions
-support
-protect
-mineral + lipid storage
-blood cell production (red bone marrow)
-act as levers to enable movement
75
components of bone matrix
osteoid (organic matter):
-mostly collagen fibres
-glycoproteins + proteoglycans
inorganic matter:
-mostly calcium + phosphate in form hydroxyapatite
76
strength imparted by osteoid (organic matter) of bone matrix
tensile strength
flexibility
77
strength imparted by inorganic matter of bone matrix
compressional strength
mineral storage
78
osteoblasts function
-bone building cells
-produce + secrete + mineralize osteoid
-process called deposition
79
osteoblasts location
on surface of bone
80
osteocytes function
-mature bone cells
-maintain surrounding bone tissue
-remodel bone
81
osteocytes location
in lacunae
-cell processes extend into canaliculi to communicate through gap junctions
82
osteoclasts function
-bone growth, maintenance + repair
-breakdown extracellular matrix of bone with acids + enzymes (digest protein + mineral components of matrix)
-called bone reabsorption (osteolysis)
83
osteoclasts location
in resorption lacunae
84
types of bone tissue
-compact (lamellar) - outer cortex
-spongy (cancellous, trabecular) - inner core
85
bone shapes
-long
-short
-flat
-irregular
-sesamoid (bones that develop within tendons)
86
compact bone structure
-osteons arranged vertically
87
4 parts of osteons
-lamellae
-lacunae
-canaliculi
-central canal
88
what are lamellae
layers formed by bone matrix arranged in concentric rings
89
what are lacunae in bone
small spaces containing osteocytes between lamellae
90
what are canaliculi
join processes on osteocytes to central canal
-permits intercellular communication
91
what is the central canal
contains blood vessels + nerves
92
spongy bone structural components
-lamellated trabeculae
-osteocytes in lacunae
-no central canal or osteon
-canaliculi open at surface
-red bone marrow fills spaces between trabeculae
93
function of trabeculae
supporting structure
-orient along stress lines to resist compression from many directions
94
why is spongy bone important
-bone is light but still strong - allows easy movement of limbs
-allows for hallow centre for blood vessels and nerves
95
outer protective layer of bone
periosteum
96
layers of periosteum
1.superficial fibrous layer - dense irregular CT
2.deep cellular/osteogenic layer - contains mesenchymal, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
97
periosteum function
-protects bone
-assists in fracture repair
-nourishes bone tissue
-attachment point for ligaments + tendons
98
endosteum location
lines the:
-marrow/medullary cavity
-trabeculae of spongy bone
-central + perforating canals of compact bone
99
endosteum function
bone growth, repair, remodelling
100
endosteum structure
incomlpete layer with osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
101
how is bone remodelled
continuous resorption + deposition of matrix
102
if osteoblast activity < osteoclast activity =
loss of bone mass / atrophy
103
if osteoblast activity > osteoclast activity =
increase in bone mass / hypertrophy
104
increasing bone in diameter process
-instramembraneous ossification on surface of bone increases bone diameter
(bone forms within condensed mesenchyme)
-osteoclasts on inner surface enlarge marrow cavity
105
increasing bone length process
-growth continues as long as chondrogenesis on epiphyseal side keeps pace with osteogenesis on diaphyseal side
-once chondrogenesis stops, endochondral ossification closes the epiphyseal plate
106
during growth states, does width of epiphyseal plate remain constant?
yes
107
what determines the length of a mature bone?
timing of epiphyseal closure
108
chondrogenesis
cartilage formation
109
osteogenesis
bone formation
