muscle and joint basics

Question 1

what is osteology, kinesiology, arthrology, myology

Answer 1

-study of bones
-study of movement
-study of structure and functions of joints or articulations
-study of muscles and tendons

Question 2

how many bones in body

Answer 2

206

Question 3

what is included in the axial and appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

-skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
-shoulder girdle, upper extremity (UL), pelvic girdle, lower extremity (LL)

Question 4

what are the different classifications of bones

Answer 4

long bones -long, shaft+ends, marrow cavity (leg,finger)
short bones - box like, interior spongy with outer compact (wrist)
flat bones - thin, 2 layers of compact around spongy (skull)
irregular bones - vertebrae
sesamoid bones - imbedded in tendons (patella)

Question 5

what are condyles and epicondyles

Answer 5

rounded pertuberance

Question 6

what is a process

Answer 6

small swelling

Question 7

what is a tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter

Answer 7

small swelling

Question 8

what is a linea/line

Answer 8

thin bony edge

Question 9

what is a spine, crest

Answer 9

upper portion of bone

Question 10

what is a fossa

Answer 10

shallow depression or hollow

Question 11

what is a groove/sulcus

Answer 11

small crevice

Question 12

what is a foramen, canal

Answer 12

hole

Question 13

what is a notch

Answer 13

indentation in edge of bone

Question 14

what is movement limited by

Answer 14

bony and ligamentous structures or tissue approximation

Question 15

how is movement produced

Answer 15

muscle pull

Question 16

what is movement guided by

Answer 16

shape of joint surfaces

Question 17

plane and axis for flexion and extension

Answer 17

sagittal plane, coronal axis

Question 18

plane and axis for abduction and adduction

Answer 18

coronal plane, sagittal axis

Question 19

plane and axis for internal and external rotation

Answer 19

transverse plane, longitudinal axis

Question 20

what is inversion and eversion

Answer 20

eversion - sole of foot outwards
inversion - sole of foot inwards(up)

Question 21

where do most muscles attach, epiphysis or diaphysis

Answer 21

epiphysis

Question 22

how does tendon attach to bone

Answer 22

collagen fibres blend into collage of periosteum and some go deeper into bone (known as Sharpeys fibres)

Question 23

what are the categories of joints

Answer 23

1. immovable (fibrous) - sutures between bones
2. slightly movable (syndesmosis) - intervertebral
3. highly movable (synovial) - hip

Question 24

main difference between fibrous and hyaline cartilage

Answer 24

hyaline - covers all articulations, resists compression
fibrous - resists both compression and tension

Question 25

what tissue is the fibrous membrane of synovial joints made of and function

Answer 25

dense irregular CT -covers entire joint to resist strength in all directions

Question 26

what tissue is the synovial membrane of synovial joints made of and function

Answer 26

2 layers: synoviocytes (produce fluid) and areolar CT (blood vessels for nutrition) - produces fluid for lubrication

Question 27

type and function fo cartilage in synovial joints

Answer 27

-hyaline -reduce friction and resists compression

Question 28

what tissue is in the synovial joint cavity and function

Answer 28

synovial fluid -frictionless movement of articulating surfaces

Question 29

ligament function

Answer 29

-attach bone to bone -stabilizer - limit movement -resist force along fibre line

Question 30

ligament tissue type

Answer 30

dense regular CT

Question 31

what is an extrinsic ligament

Answer 31

ligament located outside of the joint it stabilizes

Question 32

what is an intrinsic ligament

Answer 32

ligament. located around/within the joint it stabilizes

Question 33

similarities between ligaments and tendons

Answer 33

-dense regular CT -structure and function

Question 34

differences between ligaments and tendons

Answer 34

-lig bone to bone, tendon, muscle to bone -lig resist force, tendon transfers force -tendons are more collagen ratio aligned more longitudinally -lig resist multidirectional forces, tendons resist unilateral forces

Question 35

what is a bursa and function

Answer 35

fluid filled sac between bony prominence and soft tissues -reduces friction between bony prominence and overlying tendons

Question 36

function of labrum/discs in joints and tissue type

Answer 36

-increase depth of joint to improve congruency -shock absorption -guides movement fibrocartilage

Question 37

hinge joint number of axes, movements, example

Answer 37

-uniaxial -flex, extend -elbow

Question 38

pivot joint number axes, movements, examples

Answer 38

-uniaxial -internal and external rotation -radioulnar joint

Question 39

condyloid/ellipsoid joint number axes, movements, examples

Answer 39

-biaxial -flex, extend, adduct, abduct -wrist

Question 40

saddle joint number axes, movements, examples

Answer 40

-biaxial -flex, extend, adduct, abduct -thumb

Question 41

planar/gliding joint number axes, movements, examples

Answer 41

-biaxial or triaxial -subtalar joint

Question 42

ball and socket joint number axes, movements, example

Answer 42

-triaxial -flex, extend, adduct, abduct, internal and external rotation, circumduction -shoulder

Question 43

what is myology

Answer 43

study of muscles and tendons

Question 44

action of muscle involves moving...

Answer 44

insertion closer to origin

Question 45

organizations of skeletal muscles

Answer 45

-parallel -convergent -pennate: unipennate, bipennate, multipennate -circular

Question 46

types of muscle attachments

Answer 46

-bone or cartilage (via tendons anchored by sharpey's fibres) - fascia -dermis -to the muscle itself (circular)

Question 47

criteria of how muscles are named

Answer 47

1.size 2.length 3.shape 4.action 5.direction 6.location 7.# of heads 8.attachment points 9.occupation 10.depth

Question 48

movement is predicted by...

Answer 48

shape of joint and direction of muscle fibres

Question 49

muscle pull is predicted by...

Answer 49

attachments of muscles and type of contraction

Question 50

a muscle acts on...

Answer 50

all joints it crosses

Question 51

one muscle cannot produce....

Answer 51

both pairs of movement actions

Question 52

in general, muscle innervation is organized...

Answer 52

by compartments

Question 53

if there are two muscles with the same action across the same joint...

Answer 53

the muscle which is a 1-joint muscle will likely be stronger for that action

Question 54

stretching a muscle is the entire______ of the contraction it produces

Answer 54

opposite

Question 55

strengthening a muscle should....

Answer 55

incorporate all of its actions

Question 56

what is a isotonic contraction and types

Answer 56

tension is constant, length changes -concentric - shortening -eccentric - lengthening

Question 57

what is a isometric contraction

Answer 57

muscle length is constant, not enough tension generated to move object

Question 58

what is tension dependent on

Answer 58

-sarcomere length -frequency of stimulation -motor unit size -recruitment of motor units