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ANA126 > muscle and joint basics > Flashcards

muscle and joint basics Flashcards

1
Q

what is osteology, kinesiology, arthrology, myology

A

-study of bones
-study of movement
-study of structure and functions of joints or articulations
-study of muscles and tendons

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2
Q

how many bones in body

A

206

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3
Q

what is included in the axial and appendicular skeleton

A

-skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
-shoulder girdle, upper extremity (UL), pelvic girdle, lower extremity (LL)

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4
Q

what are the different classifications of bones

A

long bones -long, shaft+ends, marrow cavity (leg,finger)
short bones - box like, interior spongy with outer compact (wrist)
flat bones - thin, 2 layers of compact around spongy (skull)
irregular bones - vertebrae
sesamoid bones - imbedded in tendons (patella)

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5
Q

what are condyles and epicondyles

A

rounded pertuberance

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6
Q

what is a process

A

small swelling

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7
Q

what is a tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter

A

small swelling

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8
Q

what is a linea/line

A

thin bony edge

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9
Q

what is a spine, crest

A

upper portion of bone

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10
Q

what is a fossa

A

shallow depression or hollow

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11
Q

what is a groove/sulcus

A

small crevice

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12
Q

what is a foramen, canal

A

hole

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13
Q

what is a notch

A

indentation in edge of bone

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14
Q

what is movement limited by

A

bony and ligamentous structures or tissue approximation

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15
Q

how is movement produced

A

muscle pull

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16
Q

what is movement guided by

A

shape of joint surfaces

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17
Q

plane and axis for flexion and extension

A

sagittal plane, coronal axis

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18
Q

plane and axis for abduction and adduction

A

coronal plane, sagittal axis

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19
Q

plane and axis for internal and external rotation

A

transverse plane, longitudinal axis

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20
Q

what is inversion and eversion

A

eversion - sole of foot outwards
inversion - sole of foot inwards(up)

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21
Q

where do most muscles attach, epiphysis or diaphysis

A

epiphysis

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22
Q

how does tendon attach to bone

A

collagen fibres blend into collage of periosteum and some go deeper into bone (known as Sharpeys fibres)

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23
Q

what are the categories of joints

A
  1. immovable (fibrous) - sutures between bones
  2. slightly movable (syndesmosis) - intervertebral
  3. highly movable (synovial) - hip
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24
Q

main difference between fibrous and hyaline cartilage

A

hyaline - covers all articulations, resists compression
fibrous - resists both compression and tension

25
Q

what tissue is the fibrous membrane of synovial joints made of and function

A

dense irregular CT
-covers entire joint to resist strength in all directions

26
Q

what tissue is the synovial membrane of synovial joints made of and function

A

2 layers: synoviocytes (produce fluid) and areolar CT (blood vessels for nutrition)
- produces fluid for lubrication

27
Q

type and function fo cartilage in synovial joints

A

-hyaline
-reduce friction and resists compression

28
Q

what tissue is in the synovial joint cavity and function

A

synovial fluid
-frictionless movement of articulating surfaces

29
Q

ligament function

A

-attach bone to bone
-stabilizer - limit movement
-resist force along fibre line

30
Q

ligament tissue type

A

dense regular CT

31
Q

what is an extrinsic ligament

A

ligament located outside of the joint it stabilizes

32
Q

what is an intrinsic ligament

A

ligament. located around/within the joint it stabilizes

33
Q

similarities between ligaments and tendons

A

-dense regular CT
-structure and function

34
Q

differences between ligaments and tendons

A

-lig bone to bone, tendon, muscle to bone
-lig resist force, tendon transfers force
-tendons are more collagen ratio aligned more longitudinally
-lig resist multidirectional forces, tendons resist unilateral forces

35
Q

what is a bursa and function

A

fluid filled sac between bony prominence and soft tissues
-reduces friction between bony prominence and overlying tendons

36
Q

function of labrum/discs in joints and tissue type

A

-increase depth of joint to improve congruency
-shock absorption
-guides movement

fibrocartilage

37
Q

hinge joint number of axes, movements, example

A

-uniaxial
-flex, extend
-elbow

38
Q

pivot joint number axes, movements, examples

A

-uniaxial
-internal and external rotation
-radioulnar joint

39
Q

condyloid/ellipsoid joint number axes, movements, examples

A

-biaxial
-flex, extend, adduct, abduct
-wrist

40
Q

saddle joint number axes, movements, examples

A

-biaxial
-flex, extend, adduct, abduct
-thumb

41
Q

planar/gliding joint number axes, movements, examples

A

-biaxial or triaxial
-subtalar joint

42
Q

ball and socket joint number axes, movements, example

A

-triaxial
-flex, extend, adduct, abduct, internal and external rotation, circumduction
-shoulder

43
Q

what is myology

A

study of muscles and tendons

44
Q

action of muscle involves moving…

A

insertion closer to origin

45
Q

organizations of skeletal muscles

A

-parallel
-convergent
-pennate: unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
-circular

46
Q

types of muscle attachments

A

-bone or cartilage (via tendons anchored by sharpey’s fibres)
- fascia
-dermis
-to the muscle itself (circular)

47
Q

criteria of how muscles are named

A

1.size
2.length
3.shape
4.action
5.direction
6.location
7.# of heads
8.attachment points
9.occupation
10.depth

48
Q

movement is predicted by…

A

shape of joint and direction of muscle fibres

49
Q

muscle pull is predicted by…

A

attachments of muscles and type of contraction

50
Q

a muscle acts on…

A

all joints it crosses

51
Q

one muscle cannot produce….

A

both pairs of movement actions

52
Q

in general, muscle innervation is organized…

A

by compartments

53
Q

if there are two muscles with the same action across the same joint…

A

the muscle which is a 1-joint muscle will likely be stronger for that action

54
Q

stretching a muscle is the entire______ of the contraction it produces

A

opposite

55
Q

strengthening a muscle should….

A

incorporate all of its actions

56
Q

what is a isotonic contraction and types

A

tension is constant, length changes
-concentric - shortening
-eccentric - lengthening

57
Q

what is a isometric contraction

A

muscle length is constant, not enough tension generated to move object

58
Q

what is tension dependent on

A

-sarcomere length
-frequency of stimulation
-motor unit size
-recruitment of motor units

ANA126 (40 decks)

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