multi-store model

Question 1

coding definition

Answer 1

converting raw sensory info into a meaningful form to be processed

Question 2

STM duration, capacity and coding

Answer 2

-30 seconds
-7 pieces of info
-mainly coded acoustically

Question 3

LTM duration, capacity and coding

Answer 3

-indefinite duration
-unlimited capacity
-mainly coded semantically

Question 4

how can STM capacity be increased

Answer 4

by ‘chunking’ pieces of info together

Question 5

sensory register AO1

Answer 5

separate sensory registers for each sense - iconic store codes visual info and echoic store codes auditory info - if attention is paid to the info it may be converted into a format the brain understands and if not the memory trace will fade rapidly = trace decay

Question 6

coding in sensory register research

Answer 6

Crowder found the iconic store only retains visual info for a few milliseconds but the echoic store retains auditory info for 2-3 seconds suggesting that sensory info is coded into different sensory stores

Question 7

capacity in iconic store research

hi

Answer 7

Sperling investigated capacity of iconic store, he displayed a visual array to p’s and each array had a row of 3 letters and was presented for 50 milliseconds - p’s were asked to read as many letters as possible
- he found p’s could only recall about 3 letters=25% recall but when he tried a different variation where he sounded different tones to indicate which row should be recalled p’s recall increased to 75% showing the iconic store capacity can be increased when attention is directed to info

Question 8

duration in sensory register research

Answer 8

Walsh and Thompson found the iconic memory store has an average durations of 50 milliseconds but this decreases as people get older - Treisman found the echoic memory store has an average duration of 1-2 seconds

Question 9

Baddeley 1996 coding in STM and LTM aim

Answer 9

to test if encoding in STM and LTM is acoustic or semantic

Question 10

Baddeley 1996 coding in STM and LTM method

Answer 10

used 4 groups of p’s with 75 in each, they were given a list of words to be read to them 4 times, they were then given the same words in a jumbled order and asked p’s to put them back in order
Group A = acoustically similar words
Group B = acoustically dissimilar words
Group C = semantically similar words
Group D = semantically dissimilar

Question 11

Baddeley 1996 coding in STM and LTM results

Answer 11

STM results (immediate recall task)
-the acoustically similar group made more acoustic confusion errors, only 10% of p’s put list in correct order suggesting the main type of coding in STM is acoustic
LTM results (20 min delayed recall task)
-semantically similar group made most errors only 55% remembered list accurately suggesting main type of coding in LTM is semantic

Question 12

Miller magic number 7 plus or minus 2 aim and method

Answer 12

aimed to investigate capacity of STM
-showed p’s random letter sequences for a set time and asked them to recall the letters immediately and the chain of letters got 1 letter bigger each time

Question 13

Miller magic number 7 plus or minus 2 results and conclusion

Answer 13

Miller found p’s could averagely recall 7 random letters, some people remembered 2 more or 2 less
-in conclusion people have a capacity of 7 plus or minus 2 (5-9) in STM

Question 14

Peterson and Peterson aim and method

Answer 14

aimed to investigate the duration of STM
-p’s were asked to remember a sequence of trigrams and asked immediately to recall them or after 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds while counting back in 3

Question 15

Peterson and Peterson results and conclusion

Answer 15

found after a 3 second delay, recall of trigram was very high but decreased steadily as retention interval lengthened, 90% were recalled after 3 sec but only 6% recalled after 18 sec
-in conclusion the duration of STM without rehearsal is 20-30 sec so rehearsal increases our chance of recall

Question 16

Bahrick - duration of LTM method, results and conclusion

Answer 16

showed 400 p’s ranging in age 17-74 a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were former school friends - p’s then asked to recall faces and names of their former class friends
-those who had left school in the past 15 years recalled 90% of faces and names, while those who had left 48 years before had recalled 80% of names and 70% of faces
-concluding that our memory for faces and names lasts a very long time and the duration of LTM is indefinite

Question 17

Bahrick - duration of LTM strength and limitation

Answer 17

+high external validity as we remember names and faces in real life so can be applied to how we use memory in the real world not artificially
-may be confounding variables as some may of had more practise than others and may of been closer with classmates

Question 18

MSM strength

Answer 18

an influential early model which inspired lots of research - a good starting point and the 3 models are often present in other more recent models
evidence for distinct stores by Murdock

Question 19

MSM limitations

Answer 19

-evidence that suggests STM isn’t a single store so suggests the model is too simplistic and reductionist and that memory is more complex than it suggests, doesnt explain what happens to memory In the stores
-the research that underpins it come from lab studies e.g Baddeleys study into coding, not realistic and is very different to how we use our memory in real-life, low in ecological validity

Question 20

study for STM coding capacity and duration

Answer 20

-Baddeley
-Miller
-Peterson+Peterson

Question 21

study for LTM coding capacity and duration

Answer 21

-Baddeley
-Luria, Anohkin, Wagenaar
-Bahrick